How one Jewish keyboardist strives to fix the world American musician Jamie Saft taps into Jewish spirituality, blues, jazz and other influences in the service of.

53 ZIP codes • 7, 02163, 02196, 02199, 02201, 02203, 02204, 02205, 02206, 02210, 02211, 02212, 02215, 02217, 02222, 02126, 02228, 02241, 02266, 02283, 02284, 02293, 02295, 02297, 02298, 02467 (also includes parts of Newton and Brookline) 25-07000 feature ID 0617565 Website Boston (pronounced ( ) ) is the and of the of in the United States. It is also the seat of, although the county government was disbanded on July 1, 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km 2) with an estimated population of 673,184 in 2016, making it the largest city in the region of the. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as, a (MSA) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country. As a (CSA), this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people, making it the sixth-largest in the United States. Boston is one of the oldest cities in the United States, founded on the in 1630 by settlers from England.

It was the scene of several key events of the, such as the, the, the, and the. Independence from, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture. The city has expanded beyond the original through land reclamation and municipal annexation. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year.

Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public school (, 1635), first subway system (, 1897), and first public park (, 1634). The Boston area's many make it an international center of, including law, medicine, engineering, and business, and the city is considered to be a world leader in and, with nearly 2,000 start-ups. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities.

Households in the city claim the highest average rate of in the United States; businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country for and investment. The city has one of the highest in the United States as it has undergone, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Map showing a British tactical evaluation of Boston in 1775 Boston's early settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its 'three mountains,' only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming on September 7, 1630 () was by colonists from England who had moved over from earlier that year in quest of fresh water.

Their settlement was initially limited to the, at that time surrounded by the and and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC. In 1629, the 's first governor led the signing of the, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in until grew larger in the mid-18th century.

Revolution through War of 1812 [ ]. View of Boston from, 1841 Boston's harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the (adopted during the ) and the. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries.

A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce. 1843 During this period, Boston flourished culturally, as well, admired for its and generous, with members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed —coming to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites. Boston was an early port of the in the New England colonies, but was soon overtaken by and.

Boston eventually became a center of the movement. The city reacted strongly to the, contributing to President 's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Fugitive Slave Case. In 1822, the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from the 'Town of Boston' to the 'City of Boston', and on March 4, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City.

At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12 km 2). 1909 19th Century [ ] In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the; by 1850, about 35,000.

In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans,, Syrians,, and and settling in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants. Italians inhabited the, Irish dominated and, and Russian Jews lived in the. And immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community, and the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics since the early 20th century; prominent figures include the,, and. Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 19th century; beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 ha) mill pond that later became the area.

The present-day sits atop this lowered Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the, the, the, and. After the, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid- to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (2.4 km 2) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights.

The city annexed the adjacent towns of (1804), (1836), (1868), (including present day and a portion of ) (1870), (including present day ) (1874), (including present day and ) (1874), (1874), and (1912). Other proposals were unsuccessful for the annexation of, Cambridge, and.

20th Century [ ] The city went into decline by the early to mid-20th century, as factories became old and obsolete and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston responded by initiating various projects, under the direction of the (BRA) established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with strong public opposition. The BRA subsequently re-evaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of. In 1965, the Columbia Point Health Center opened in the neighborhood, the first in the United States.

It mostly served the massive public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center.

The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized from 1984 to 1990 into a mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments. By the 1970s, the city's economy had recovered after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high rises were constructed in the and in Boston's during this time period.

This boom continued into the mid-1980s and resumed after a few pauses. Hospitals such as,, and lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care.

Schools such as,, the,,,,, and attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.

21st Century [ ] Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as, which was acquired by -based in 2004. Boston-based department stores and have both been merged into the Cincinnati–based.

The 1993 acquisition of by was reversed in 2013 when it was re-sold to Boston businessman. In 2016, it was announced that would be moving its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to the Innovation District in South Boston, joining many other companies in this rapidly developing neighborhood. Boston has experienced in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. Living expenses have risen; Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States and was ranked the 129th most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities. Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities. On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers near the finish line of the, killing three people and injuring roughly 264. In 2016, Boston briefly as the US applicant for the.

The bid was supported by the mayor and a coalition of business leaders and local philanthropists, but was eventually dropped due to public opposition. The then selected to be the American candidate with Los Angeles ultimately securing the right to host the. Geography [ ]. Boston as seen from the International Space Station (ISS) Boston has an area of 89.6 square miles (232.1 km 2)—48.4 square miles (125.4 km 2) (54.0%) of land and 41.2 square miles (106.7 km 2) (46.0%) of water. The city's official elevation, as measured at, is 19 ft (5.8 m). The highest point in Boston is at 330 feet (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level. Situated onshore of the, Boston is the only state capital in the with an oceanic.

The geographical center of Boston is in Roxbury. Due north of the center we find the South End. This is not to be confused with South Boston which lies directly east from the South End. North of the South End is East Boston and southwest of East Boston is the North End. — Author, Unknown – A common local colloquialism Boston is surrounded by the ' region and is contiguously bordered by the of,,,,,,,,,,,,, and. The separates Boston from and the majority of Cambridge, and the mass of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. To the east lie and the (which includes part of the city's territory, specifically,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, and ).

The forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and the city of and the town of. The separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston proper. Cityscapes [ ]. The is the tallest building in Boston, with a of 790 feet (240 m).

Boston is sometimes called a 'city of neighborhoods' because of the profusion of diverse subsections; the city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods. More than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded, but was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries, notably with earth from leveling or lowering Boston's three original hills (the 'Trimountain', after which Tremont Street is named) and with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the.

And its immediate surroundings consist largely of low-rise masonry buildings (often and ) interspersed with modern highrises, notably in the Financial District, Government Center, and. Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as the,,,, and New England's two tallest buildings: the and the. Near the John Hancock Tower is the with its prominent, the color of which forecasts the weather. Smaller commercial areas are interspersed among areas of single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US. The geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly affected by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (known unofficially as the ') which removed the unsightly elevated and incorporated new green spaces and open areas.

Climate [ ] Boston, MA Climate chart () J F M A M J J A S O N D. Boston's skyline in the background, with in the foreground Fog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer, and the occasional tropical storm or can threaten the region, especially in late summer and early autumn. Due to its situation along the North Atlantic, the city often receives sea breezes, especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday. Thunderstorms occur from May to September, that are occasionally severe with large, damaging winds and heavy downpours.

Although downtown Boston has never been struck by a violent, the city itself has experienced many. Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city. Boston has a relatively sunny climate for a coastal city at its latitude, averaging over 2,600 hours of sunshine per annum. Sailors march in Boston's annual. Constitute the largest ethnicity in Boston.

Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1722 10,567 — 1765 15,520 +46.9% 18,320 +18.0% 24,937 +36.1% 33,787 +35.5% 43,298 +28.1% 61,392 +41.8% 93,383 +52.1% 136,881 +46.6% 177,840 +29.9% 250,526 +40.9% 362,839 +44.8% 448,477 +23.6% 560,892 +25.1% 670,585 +19.6% 748,060 +11.6% 781,188 +4.4% 770,816 −1.3% 801,444 +4.0% 697,197 −13.0% 641,071 −8.1% 562,994 −12.2% 574,283 +2.0% 589,141 +2.6% 617,594 +4.8% 2016 673,184 +9.0% * = population estimate.

Source: records and data. Decennial Census In 2016, Boston was estimated to have 667,137 residents (a density of 13,841 persons/sq mile, or 5,344/km 2) living in 272,481 housing units— an 8% population increase over 2010. The city is the of over half a million residents. Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston's boundaries during work hours, and as many as 2 million during special events. This fluctuation of people is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events. In the city, the population was spread out with 21.9% at age 19 and under, 14.3% from 20 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older.

The median age was 30.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.

There were 252,699 households, of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25.5% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.0% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.08. Boston has one of the. The in Boston was $51,739, while the median income for a family was $61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families are below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

In 1950, represented 94.7% of Boston's population. From the 1950s to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of in the city declined; in 2000, non-Hispanic whites made up 49.5% of the city's population, making the city for the first time. However, in the, the city has experienced significant, in which affluent whites have moved into formerly non-white areas. In 2006, the US Census Bureau estimated that non-Hispanic whites again formed a slight majority.

But as of 2010, in part due to the housing crash, as well as increased efforts to make more affordable housing more available, the non-white population has rebounded. This may also have to do with increased and populations and more clarity surrounding US Census statistics, which indicate a non-Hispanic white population of 47 percent (some reports give slightly lower figures).

Race/ethnicity composition Race/ethnicity 2015 1990 1970 1940 (includes ) 62.1% 62.8% 81.8% 96.7% 24.7% 25.6% 16.3% 3.1% 9.1% 5.3% 1.3% 0.2% 0.8% 0.3% 0.2% – 3.1% – – – (of any race) 22.1% 10.8% 2.8% 0.1% 46.2% 59.0% 79.5% 96.6%. With its gate, is home to many and also restaurants. People of descent form the largest single in the city, making up 15.8% of the population, followed by, accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of and ancestry are another sizable group, at 6.0%, about half of whom are of ancestry. Over 27,000 made their home in Boston city proper in 2013, and the city hosts a growing accommodating heavily traveled to and from in. Some neighborhoods, such as Dorchester, have received an influx of people of ancestry in recent decades. Neighborhoods such as Jamaica Plain and Roslindale have experienced a growing number of.

The city and greater area also has a growing immigrant population of, including the. Boston march, held annually in June The city, especially the neighborhood, has a significant Hispanic community. In 2010, Hispanics in Boston were mostly of (30,506 or 4.9% of total city population), (25,648 or 4.2% of total city population), (10,850 or 1.8% of city population), (6,649 or 1.1% of total city population), (5,961 or 1.0% of total city population), and (4,451 or 0.7% of total city population) ethnic origin.

Hispanics of all national origins totaled 107,917 in 2010. In Greater Boston, these numbers grew significantly, with Puerto Ricans numbering 175,000+, Dominicans 95,000+, Salvadorans 40,000+, Guatemalans 31,000+, Mexicans 25,000+, and Colombians numbering 22,000+. Demographic breakdown by ZIP Code [ ] Income [ ]. See also: Data is from the 2008–2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. A congregation first organized in 1669 According to a 2014 study by the, 57% of the population of the city identified themselves as, with 25% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered, and 29% professing beliefs.

While 33% claim. The same study says that other religions (including,,, and ) collectively make up about 10% of the population. As of 2010 the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the Boston-Cambridge-Newton Metro area, with more than two million members and 339 churches, followed by the Episcopal Church with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches. The had 55,000 members and 213 churches. The UCC is the successor of the city's Puritan religious traditions.

In Boston is one of the oldest congregations in the United States. It was organized in 1669 by dissenters from the First Church in Boston (1630). Notable past members include Samuel Adams, William Dawes, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Sewall, and Phillis Wheatley. In 1773, Adams gave the signals from the that started the Boston Tea Party. The city has a sizable with an estimated 248,000 Jews within the Boston metro area. More than half of Jewish households in the Greater Boston area reside in the city itself, Brookline, Newton, Cambridge, Somerville, or adjacent towns.

Distribution of the Boston metropolitan labor force, 2004 annual averages A, Boston is placed among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world. Encompassing $363 billion, the metropolitan area has the. Boston's colleges and universities exert a significant impact on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than US$4.8 billion annually to the city's economy.

The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for, with the rating Boston as the top cluster in the country. Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the of all cities in the United States. The city is considered highly innovative for a variety of reasons, including the presence of, access to, and the presence of many companies. The and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment, and high technology remains an important sector.

Also composes a large part of Boston's economy, with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $8.3 billion in 2011; excluding visitors from and, over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014, with those from and the leading the list. Boston's status as a state capital as well as the regional home of federal agencies has rendered law and government to be another major component of the city's economy.

The city is a major along the East Coast of the United States and the oldest continuously operated industrial and fishing port in the. The industry is important to Boston, especially involving and insurance.

In the 2017, Boston was ranked as having the ninth most competitive financial center in the world and the fourth most competitive in the United States. Boston-based helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial centers in the United States. The city is home to the headquarters of, and Boston is a center for firms., which specializes in asset management and custody services, is based in the city. Boston is a printing and center — is headquartered within the city, along with and. Publishing units also employ several hundred people in Boston. The city is home to three major —the in the Back Bay, and the and on the. The announced in January 2016 its decision to move the company's global headquarters to the in Boston, from, citing factors including Boston's preeminence in the realm of.

Boston is home to the headquarters of several major athletic and footwear companies including,, and., and headquarters or regional offices are located just outside the city. Education [ ] Primary and secondary education [ ].

Was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the US. The enroll 57,000 students attending 145 schools, including the renowned,, and. The Boston Latin School was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the US. Boston also operates the United States' second-oldest public high school and its oldest public elementary school.

The system's students are 40% Hispanic or Latino, 35% Black or African American, 13% White, and 9% Asian. There are private, parochial, and as well, and approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the. Higher education [ ]. (MIT) is often cited as among the world's top universities.

Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are located near Boston. Three universities with a major presence in the city,,, and, are located just outside of Boston in the cities of and, known as the Brainpower Triangle. Harvard is the nation's oldest institute of higher education and is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge, though the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities are in Boston. Its,,, and schools are located in Boston's and neighborhoods, and Harvard has plans for additional expansion into Allston. The (MIT) originated in Boston and was long known as '; it moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916. 's main campus is north of the city in and, though it locates its medical and dental schools in Boston's Chinatown at, a 451-bed academic medical institution that is home to both a full-service hospital for adults and the Floating Hospital for Children. Four members of the are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area):, the,, and.

Furthermore, Greater Boston contains seven as per the. This includes, in addition to the aforementioned four,,, and. This is, by a large margin, the highest concentration of such institutions in a single metropolitan area. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area. Greater Boston has more than 100 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone.

The city's largest private universities include (also the city's fourth-largest employer), with its main campus along and a medical campus in the; in the area; near, which includes and; and, which straddles the Boston (Brighton)–Newton border. Boston's only public university is the on Columbia Point in. And are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ more than 42,600 people, accounting for nearly seven percent of the city's workforce.

A Boston Police cruiser on Beacon Street Like many major American cities, Boston has seen a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s. Boston's low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the 's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as involvement from the and 's offices. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the 'Boston Miracle'. Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31—not one of them a juvenile—in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000).

In 2008, there were 62 reported homicides. Through December 30, 2016, major crime was down seven percent and there were 46 homicides compared to 40 in 2015. In the nineteenth century, the became a gathering place for writers, including,, and. Here printed the first editions of.

In the early 1800s, wrote that Boston was '“perhaps the most perfect and certainly the best-regulated democracy that ever existed. There is something so impossible in the immortal fame of Athens, that the very name makes everything modern shrink from comparison; but since the days of that glorious city I know of none that has approached so near in some points, distant as it may still be from that illustrious model.” From this, Boston has been called the ' of America' (also a nickname of ) for its, earning a reputation as 'the intellectual capital of the United States.' In the nineteenth century,,,,,, and wrote in Boston. Some consider the to be the 'cradle of American literature,' the place where these writers met and where was first published. In 1852, the was founded as the first free library in the United States.

Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the. At the Music is afforded a high degree of in Boston. The is one of the ',' a group of the greatest American orchestras, and the classical music magazine called it one of the 'world's best' orchestras. (located west of Back Bay) is home to the and the related, which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation, and to the.

The British newspaper called Boston Symphony Hall 'one of the top venues for classical music in the world,' adding that 'Symphony Hall in Boston was where science became an essential part of concert hall design.' Other concerts are held at the 's. The performs at the. Other performing-arts organizations located in the city include the,, (the first permanent Baroque orchestra in the US), and the (one of the oldest choral companies in the United States).

The city is a center for contemporary classical music with a number of performing groups, several of which are associated with the city's conservatories and universities. These include the and. Several theaters are located in or near the south of Boston Common, including the,, the, and the. There are several major annual events, such as which occurs on New Year's Eve, the, the annual at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, the annual Boston parade and festival held in June, and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints. The city is the site of several events during the period. They include the week-long Harborfest festivities and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the.

Several historic sites relating to the period are preserved as part of the because of the city's prominent role. Many are found along the, which is marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground. The city is also home to several art museums and galleries, including the and the.

The is housed in a contemporary building designed by in the. Boston's South End Art and Design District () and Newbury St. Are both art gallery destinations. Columbia Point is the location of the, the, the, and the.

The (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States),, (whose building is known from the television show ),, and the are within the city. Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the (1875) in the South End, while the serves just under 200 congregations, with the (1819) as its episcopal seat. Has its headquarters on Beacon Hill.

The are headquartered in Back Bay at the (1894). The oldest church in Boston is, founded in 1630.

Was the city's first Anglican church, founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, (1733), (1809), (1874),, and on (1878).

Environment [ ] Pollution control [ ] in Boston is generally very good: during the ten-year period 2004–2013, there were only 4 days in which the air was unhealthy for the general public, according to the. Some of the cleaner energy facilities in Boston include the Allston green district, with three ecologically compatible housing facilities. Boston is also breaking ground on multiple facilities to help reduce the carbon footprint of the city while simultaneously making these initiatives financially available to a greater population. Boston's climate plan is updated every three years and was most recently modified in 2013.

This legislature includes the Building Energy Reporting and Disclosure Ordinance, which requires the city's larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and partake in an energy assessment every five years. These statistics are made public by the city, thereby increasing incentives for buildings to be more environmentally conscious. Another initiative, presented by the late Mayor Thomas Menino, is the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive, which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient. This, much like the green housing developments, gives people of low socioeconomic status an opportunity to find housing in communities that support the environment. The ultimate goal of this initiative is to enlist 500 Bostonians to participate in a free, in-home energy assessment. Water purity and availability [ ] External image Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by wooden piles driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to if exposed to air for long periods.

Groundwater levels have been dropping, to varying degrees, in many areas of the city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. A city agency, the Boston Groundwater Trust, coordinates monitoring of groundwater levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells.

However, Boston's drinking water supply, from the and to the west, is one of the very few in the country so pure as to satisfy without filtration. Main article: Boston has teams in plus, and has won 37 championships in these leagues, As of 2017. It is one of four cities (along with Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York) to have won championships in all four major sports.

It has been suggested that Boston is the new 'TitleTown, USA', as the city's professional sports teams have won ten championships since 2001: Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, and 2016), Red Sox (2004, 2007, and 2013), Celtics (2008), and Bruins (2011). This love of sports made Boston the 's choice to to hold the, but the city cited financial concerns when it withdrew its bid on July 27, 2015.

Is the professional baseball stadium still in use. The, a founding member of the of in 1901, play their home games at, near in the city's section.

Built in 1912, it is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States among the four major professional American sports leagues,, the,, and the. Boston was the site of the first game of the first modern, in 1903. The series was played between the AL Champion and the NL champion. Persistent reports that the team was known in 1903 as the 'Boston Pilgrims' appear to be unfounded. Boston's first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings, one of the charter members of the in 1871, and of the in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in as the.

The play at the. The, formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the old, since-demolished, is adjoined to and is the home of two major league teams: the of the and the of the. The arena seats 18,624 for basketball games and 17,565 for ice hockey games. The Bruins were the first American member of the and an franchise. The Boston Celtics were founding members of the, one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA. The Celtics have the distinction of having won more championships than any other NBA team, with seventeen. While they have played in suburban since 1971, the of the were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating.

The team won the after the 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, and 2016 seasons. They share with the of. The of, which formed in 2009, play their home games at Dilboy Stadium in. The of the was formed in 2015. The first collegiate athletic stadium built in the U.S. The area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics.

Four Division I members play in the city—,,, and. Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the. Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the. The of the play at Harvard Stadium. One of the best known sporting events in the city is the, the 26.2-mile (42.2 km) race which is the world's oldest annual marathon, run on in April. On April 15, 2013, killed three people and injured hundreds at the marathon.

Another major annual event is the, held in October. Parks and recreation [ ]. Boston Common seen from the, located near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States. Along with the adjacent, it is part of the, a string of parks designed by to encircle the city. The Emerald Necklace includes, Boston's largest body of freshwater, and, the city's largest park and home of the.

Another major park is the Esplanade, located along the banks of the Charles River. The, an outdoor concert venue, is located adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with the major parks and beaches located near; in Charlestown; and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines. Boston's park system is well-reputed nationally.

In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, reported that Boston was tied with and for having the third-best park system among the 50 most populous US cities. ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents. Government and politics [ ]. The, seat of the, on Boston has a system in which the mayor (elected every fourth year) has extensive executive power. Became Mayor in January 2014, his predecessor 's twenty-year tenure having been the longest in the city's history.

The is elected every two years; there are nine district seats, and four citywide 'at-large' seats. The School Committee, which oversees the, is appointed by the mayor. In addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities—including the, the, the, and the —play a role in the life of Bostonians. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in.

The city has several federal facilities, including the, the, the, the, the, and the. Both courts are housed in the. Federally, Boston is split between two congressional districts. The northern three-fourths of the city is in the, represented by since 1998. The southern fourth is in the, represented. Both are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Boston in over a century. The state's senior member of the is Democrat, first elected in 2012.

The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat, who was elected in 2013 to succeed after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the. The city uses an algorithm created by the Walsh administration, called CityScore, to measure the effectiveness of various city services. This score is available on a public online dashboard and allows city managers in police, fire, schools, emergency management services, and to take action and make adjustments in areas of concern. Voter registration and party enrollment As of October 2012 Party Number of voters Percentage 211,257 54.58% 25,903 6.69% 686 0.17% Unaffiliated 147,813 38.19% Total 387,040 100% Media [ ]. Main article: Newspapers [ ] and the are two of the city's major daily newspapers. The city is also served by other publications such as magazine,,, and the Boston edition of., headquartered in Boston, was formerly a worldwide daily newspaper but ended publication of daily print editions in 2009, switching to continuous online and weekly magazine format publications. The Boston Globe also releases a teen publication to the city's public high schools, called Teens in Print or T.i.P., which is written by the city's teens and delivered quarterly within the school year.

The city's growing population has given rise to a number of local and regional newspapers. These include (owned by the former publisher of ), El Mundo, and La Semana. Siglo21, with its main offices in nearby, is also widely distributed. There are a number of weekly community newspapers dedicated to Boston neighborhoods.

Among them is South Boston Online, (founded in 1999) which appears in print and online, and covers events in South Boston and the Seaport District. Various LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community such as The Rainbow Times, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT newsmagazine.

Founded in 2006, The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England. Radio and television [ ] Boston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the 11th largest in the United States. Several major stations include, /talk station, and. WBZ (AM) broadcasts a format.

A variety of commercial serve the area, as do stations and. College and university radio stations include (Emerson), (Harvard), (UMass Boston), (MIT), (Boston College), (Tufts University), (Brandeis University), (Boston University, campus and web only), (Northeastern University) and (Curry College). The Boston television, which also includes, is the 8th largest in the United States. The city is served by stations representing every major, including 4 and its sister station 38 (the former a, the latter an affiliate), 5 and its sister station 9 (both ), 7 and its sister station 56 (the former an, the latter a affiliate), 8 (a O&O), and 25 (). The city is also home to member station 2, a major producer of PBS programs, which also operates 44. Spanish-language television networks, including ( 24), ( 27), ( 60, a sister station to WBTS-LD), and ( 66), have a presence in the region, with and serving as network. Most of the area's television stations have their transmitters in nearby and along the.

Six Boston television stations are carried by Canadian satellite television provider Bell TV and by cable television providers in Canada. One of the most prestigious medical schools in the world The, adjacent to the Fenway district, is home to a large number of medical and research facilities, including,,,,,, and the. Prominent medical facilities, including, and are located in the Beacon Hill area. Is in Brighton Center of the city's Brighton neighborhood. Is in Mission Hill. In the Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury neighborhoods.

The, an agency of the Massachusetts government, oversees health concerns for city residents. Provides pre-hospital emergency medical services to residents and visitors. Many of Boston's medical facilities are associated with universities. The facilities in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area and in Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with. (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), located in the southern portion of the Chinatown neighborhood, is affiliated with. Whitesnake Дискография Скачать Бесплатно there. , located in the South End neighborhood, is the primary teaching facility for the as well as the largest trauma center in the Boston area; it was formed by the merger of Boston University Hospital and Boston City Hospital, which was the first municipal hospital in the United States.

Infrastructure [ ]. Crosses the from. Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a, unlike those in later-developed,, the, and.

Boston is the eastern terminus of, which in Massachusetts runs along the. The elevated portion of the, which carried most of the through traffic in downtown Boston, was replaced with the during the, in early 2006. With nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work, Boston has the. Boston's subway system, the (MBTA—known as the 'T') operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the, and is the, with 65.5 miles (105 km) of track on four lines. The MBTA also operates busy bus and commuter rail networks, and water shuttles. 's and Chicago lines originate at, which serves as a major hub, and stop.

Fast Northeast Corridor trains, which serve New York City, Washington, D.C., and points in between, also stop at in the southwestern suburbs of Boston. Meanwhile, Amtrak's service to originates at, despite between the two railhubs, other than the 'T' subway lines. Nicknamed 'The Walking City', Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than do other comparably populated cities. Owing to factors such as necessity, the compactness of the city and large student population, 13 percent of the population commutes by foot, making it the out of the major American cities. In 2011, ranked Boston the third most walkable city in the United States. As of 2015, Walk Score still ranks Boston as the third most walkable US city, with a Walk Score of 80, a Transit Score of 75, and a Bike Score of 70.

Between 1999 and 2006, magazine named Boston three times as one of the worst cities in the US for cycling; regardless, it has one of the highest rates of bicycle commuting. In 2008, as a consequence of improvements made to bicycling conditions within the city, the same magazine put Boston on its 'Five for the Future' list as a 'Future Best City' for biking, and Boston's bicycle commuting percentage increased from 1% in 2000 to 2.1% in 2009. The bikeshare program called launched in late July 2011, logging more than 140,000 rides before the close of its first season.

The neighboring municipalities of,, and joined the Hubway program in the summer of 2012. In 2016, there are 1,461 bikes and 158 docking stations across the city. Provides bicycles and technology for this. Notable people [ ]. • On the (modern) calendar, anniversaries fall on September 17. • On the (modern) calendar, anniversaries of the original Old Style date fall on September 17. • The average number of days with a low at or below freezing is 94.

• Seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from 9.0 in (22.9 cm) in 1936–37 to 110.6 in (2.81 m) in 2014–15. • Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. The expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010. • Official records for Boston were kept at downtown from January 1872 to December 1935, and at Logan Airport (KBOS) since January 1936. References [ ] Specific [ ]. Main article: • Beagle, Jonathan M.; Penn, Elan (2006).

Boston: A Pictorial Celebration. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc..

• Brown, Robin; The Boston Globe (2009). Boston's Secret Spaces: 50 Hidden Corners In and Around the Hub (1 ed.). Globe Pequot.. • Hantover, Jeffrey; King, Gilbert (2008). City in Time: Boston. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.. • O'Connell, James C.

• O'Connor, Thomas H. Boston: A to Z. Harvard University Press..

• Price, Michael; Sammarco, Anthony Mitchell (2000).. Arcadia Publishing..

• Krieger, Alex; Cobb, David; Turner, Amy, eds. Mapping Boston. • Seasholes, Nancy S. Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston. Cambridge, Massachusetts:.. • Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1999).

Built in Boston: City & Suburb, 1800–2000 (2 ed.). University of Massachusetts Press.. • Southworth, Michael; Southworth, Susan (2008). AIA Guide to Boston, 3rd Edition: Contemporary Landmarks, Urban Design, Parks, Historic Buildings and Neighborhoods (3 ed.).

Globe Pequot.. • Vrabel, Jim; Bostonian Society (2004). When in Boston: A Time Line & Almanac.

Northeastern University Press.. • Whitehill, Walter Muir; Kennedy, Lawrence W. Boston: A Topographical History (3 ed.).

Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.. External links [ ].

The group featured Jerry Riopelle, who played keyboards on several Phil Spector-produced records; Murray MacLeod, an actor who appeared on Hawaii Five-O and Kung Fu; and Allen 'Smokey' Roberds, another actor. They wrote a song called 'Sunshine Girl' which was picked up by A&M Records, and in 1967 the tune hit #20 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart.[1] Among the session musicians on this recording were drummer Hal Blaine, bassist Carol Kaye, and saxophonist Steve Douglas. Their second single was 'She's Got the Magic', for which another actor, Stuart Margolin (later appearing on The Rockford Files) was included, but both this and the third single, 'Frog Prince', failed to chart. The 1968 'Radio Song' bubbled under the Hot 100 at #127, and the group broke up after two further singles - 'She Sleeps Alone' and 'Hallelujah Rocket' - were unsuccessful.[2] Riopelle then signed to Capitol Records as a solo artist, and Macleod and Roberds signed with Epic Records as the duo Ian & Murray. Roberds also later performed under the name Freddie Allen, and under this name recorded the tune 'We've Only Just Begun', which soon afterward became a hit for The Carpenters.