Running time 137 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 14 Box office est. ₹ 8.55 crore Ekk Deewana Tha (English: There Was a Crazy Lover) is a Indian, written and directed by, featuring and in her debut, and in lead roles. The film is a remake of Menon's own Tamil film (2010) and features reused soundtrack and film score composed by, while the cinematography and editing are handled by M. Prabhu and, respectively. Singer has provided the talking voice of the female lead, reprising her role from the Tamil version and the Telugu simultaneously made version where she dubbed for actresses and respectively. While on production stage, the film was titled Prem Katha, but was renamed as Ekk Deewana Tha, as the director wanted some abstract title for the film, similar to the original.

The film, produced by, a subsidiary of Hollywood studio, and R.S. Infotainment was released on 17 February 2012 in two different versions with a number of endings to suit the taste of regional viewers. The film opened to universally mixed reviews and had a lukewarm reception at the box office. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • Plot [ ] Sachin Kulkarni () is a student of mechanical engineering in who aspires to become a filmmaker. His friend introduces him to cinematographer Anay (). With Anay's help, Sachin becomes an assistant to director. Sachin's family, who are Brahmins, rent Jessie Thekekuttu's () house.

Best of AR RAHMAN Instrumental PACK 1 HasBasMusi, Best of AR RAHMAN [Instrumental] - PACK 1 HasBasMusic by HasBasBros™ Download. Roja Movie Tamil Film Instrumental Jukebox Arvindswamy, Madhubala by Lahari. Rahman Soulful Melody Hits Collection 1992 to 2015 - Tamil Jukebox (Part - 1).

Jessie is from a conservative family from, Kerala, that lives upstairs. Sachin falls in love with Jessie the moment he meets her. Sachin tries to interact with Jessie, who is afraid of speaking to men around her strict father, and ends up angering Jessie.

Unable to hide his feelings for her any longer, Sachin confesses his love for her, to which she does not respond. A few days later, Sachin learns from his sister that Jessie has gone to Kerala to visit her grandmother.

He, along with Anay, ends up in Kerala to look for her. After several days, he finds her, apologises and she introduces him to her family in Kerala as her 'classmate'.

Jessie denies she has any feelings for him, but agrees to be his friend. On the train journey back home, however, the two get closer and share a passionate kiss. Sachin is convinced Jessie loves him; the two meet several times and Jessie begins to admit that she also likes Sachin, but wants to refrain from any problems because she knows her father wouldn't give her hand in marriage to a Hindu. Consequently, due to various misunderstandings between Jessie's brother and Sachin, her parents learn of their supposed affair. They fix a match and schedule her wedding. The day arrives and midway through the ceremony, Jessie refuses to marry the groom, displeasing everyone in her family. Sachin, who had, without anyone's knowledge, come to Kerala to witness the wedding is ecstatic and secretly visits Jessie at her home.

It is then that Jessie admits she has indeed fallen in love with him. Sachin and Jessie continue to love each other without the knowledge of their parents. At this point of time, Sachin goes to Goa on a 40-day shoot, where he gets busy.

Meanwhile, the topic of Jessie's marriage comes up again at her home when the guy whom she refused to marry earlier pays them a visit. Panicking, Jessie calls Sachin and tells him that she wants to elope with him. Sachin, who he is travelling through less than ideal places, tells Jessie to stay in Mumbai for now, and that soon he would be back and they can discuss. Jessie stops taking Sachin's calls and so he goes back one night to check on Jessie. He comes to know that Jessie has decided to break up, as the relationship is not peaceful due to her parents' disapproval. She says she has agreed to get married to a boy of her parents' choice.

When Sachin pleads her not to do it, she tells him that a time had come when she was willing to elope, but the moment was gone. She doesn't want Sachin to wait for her, as he has his dreams to fulfill.

Sachin later comes to know that she is married and settled abroad. Two years later, Sachin meets Samantha (). She falls in love with him, but is rejected by Sachin who feels that he hasn't yet gotten over Jessie. He then comes up with a script for his first film, which happens to be his very own love story. He calls upon an actor () as the film's protagonist, Samantha as the female lead and Anay as the film's cinematographer, and the film is eventually titled Jessie.

While shooting for the film in, he sees Jessie and she comes to speak with him. She admits that she is not married and is still in love with him, and he too says she is still in his heart. Sachin proposes yet again and they get married the same day. This is actually revealed to be the end scene in Sachin's film – which Sachin and Jessie in real life are watching together in the theatre. After the film ends, Jessie praises Sachin for his efforts and the latter agrees to drop her home, implying that they are reunited. Cast [ ] • as Sachin Kulkarni • as Jessie Thekkekuttu (voice dubbed by ) • as Sister • as Anay • as Anand Kulkarni • as Samantha 'Sam' • as Himself • as Joseph Thekkekutu • as Mrs.Kulkarni • as Himself • Production [ ] Development [ ] Gautham Menon started working on Ekk Deewana Tha, the Hindi remake of his Tamil film Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa, in 2011, and his Telugu simultaneous version, with Prateik Babbar and Amy Jackson in the lead roles (for the Hindi version).

Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (Tamil) and Ye Maaya Chesave (Telugu) were considered to have changed the images of their lead actor pairs - and - respectively. Though, the Hindi remake initially had Trisha Krishnan and reprising their role, the actress was unceremoniously dropped from the project after a photo shoot and replaced by, who shot to fame with the Tamil film. Gautham Menon was trying out a 'look shoot' at the same locations where he shot Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa and Ye Maaya Chesave, including a popular seaside restaurant on ECR, Chennai.

A source close to the director said, 'This shoot was just to get the 'feel' of the film. The actual shoot will take place in Mumbai from next month.'

According to the sources, A R Rahman's original tunes will be retained for Ekk Deewana Tha as well, while the film also features Gautham Menon's regular technical team, consisting of art director and editor. Noted poet, story and screenplay specialist, Javed Akhtar recently was in Chennai, supervising the script and writing the lyrics for the film. A source close to the development said, 'Javed saab and Gautham hit it off well. The lyricist's inputs will be taken into consideration as Gautham is particular that his film should not come across as a routine South Indian remake.' Amy Jackson, playing a Christian in the film, said that, 'I'm very kicked about working with Gautham Menon. I've seen VTV [ Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa] at least 15 times.

Ekk Deewana Tha is a perfect launch pad for me in. He is a perfectionist and I know he will shape my character according to the needs and tastes of the Bollywood audience. I've begun the first schedule of the film and I'm planning to hire a Hindi tutor to help me sail through it.' Filming [ ] The shooting of the film was to start in late-2010 but Prateik Babbar was busy with the promotions of.

Finally, the shooting of the film commenced in April 2011, with the entire cast and crew of the film in. The shooting of the film progressed in various localities in Mumbai and the Ekk Deewana Tha team went down to and began the second schedule there in May 2011. The crew later went to in June 2011 to shoot few important scenes in Amethyst, Chennai, while, some of the songs were shot in, Chennai. In July 2011, after the shooting of the film in Chennai was completed, the next schedule of the film was started at The,, while the shooting of the film was also held in. Soundtrack [ ].

Main article: The for Ekk Deewana Tha is composed by, retaining the same tunes from along with few additional tracks – 'Kya Hai Mohabbat' (), 'Jessy's Driving Me Crazy' (Sanjeev Thomas & Timmy) and three instrumental tracks – 'Broken Promises' (Shreya Ghoshal), 'Moments in Kerala' and 'Jessy's Land'. The track 'Dost Hai (Girl I Loved You)' is a remixed version of its Tamil original Kannukkul Kannai.

The soundtrack album consists of lyrics penned by, collaborating with Gautham Menon for the first time. The soundtrack album was released at a luxury hotel in, by A R Rahman on 21 December 2011. Release [ ] The film was released on 17 February 2012, in a unique way with a number of different endings. Notably, in Tamil, had lead part their ways whereas in, the Telugu version of the film had the lovers united. The mainstream ending was released in across 500 screens in India, while the Director's cut, with a different end, was released in 20 select theatres across the country. The Director's cut showcased a coming-of-age love story while the ending for the mass release had a conventional feel-good ending. Controversies [ ] A month before the film's release, a group from the Christian Secular Forum (CSF) in strongly objected to the song '.

According to them, Hosanna is a sacred term in the Bible that is used by both Jews and Christians while praying, while in the film, the same term was used in a romantic sense. They demanded removal of the song, as well as an 'apology for disrespecting the word', and threatened to take legal action against the film if the song was not edited out of the film's final cut. To this, music director Rahman responded, 'As with any film project I work on, I had spent several months researching before composing/writing all the songs for Ek Dewaana Tha [ ] and had consulted friends who are Christian in particular about the use of the word 'Hosanna' in this song. The song was a sensation when it was released in the South a couple of years ago and it went on to win all possible music awards and was well received by all communities! Therefore I am deeply concerned about the sentiments of all those who appear to be hurt by this song.' Critical reception [ ] Ekk Deewana Tha received mixed to negative reviews upon release. Avijit Ghosh of gave the film 3 stars out of 5 saying, ' Ekk Deewana Tha has its moments but it doesn't really put you in the mood for love.'

Commented that 'In a nutshell, Ek Deewana Tha is good romantic thriller and this can be good for this Valentine's season.' Of gave the film 2 stars out of 5, and said, 'On the whole, Ekk Deewana Tha has a few sparkling moments, that's about it. However, it lacks the fizz for the spectator to go deewana!' Shubhra Gupta from also gave the film 2 stars out of 5, saying, ' stubbly guy-next-door, helplessly in love with the feckless was the highlight, apart from its lovely songs, of VTV [ Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]: where did all the passion go in Ekk Deewana Tha?' Of too gave the film 2 stars out of 5 saying, 'This Hindi remake is a disappointing bore of a love story that tests your threshold for pain as it hobbles along indulgently for close to 2 hours and 40 minutes.' Gave the film 2 stars out of 5, and concluded that, 'All in all, Ekk Deewana Tha is a movie that seems to have been lost in translation.

However, Prateik deserves praise for his efforts.' Blessy Chettiar of gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5, concluding saying, 'A simple and sweet story treated badly. For Koimoi.com gave the film a single star out of 5, blaming the routine story, the weak screenplay and lack of feeling of empathy for the two lead characters.

Preeti Arora of feels that Ekk Deewana Tha, Gautham Menon's Hindi remake of his hit Tamil film Vinnaithaandi Varuvaaya, lost quite a bit in translation. She gave the film 1 star out of 5.

Shubha Shetty-Saha of too gave the film 1 star out of 5 saying, 'No, the story is not really as bad as it seems. With better direction and perhaps a little more sensitivity and with a faster pace, and better actors (oops, are they too many conditions?), it might have worked.' Of again gave the film 1 star out of 5 saying, 'We’re beyond midway through the movie: chuck chemistry, all you’re wondering is what the hell’s the story.' Kaveree Bamzai of too gave the film 1 star out of 5, and said, 'We are supposed to feel the longing he has for Amy.

We only feel the irritation. Get on with it guys you want to say. Come to the point.

By the time they do you are exhausted, and want to do what Prateik says Amy's character did to his feelings-showed him the middle finger. Kunal Guha of gave the film rating, and said, 'it is in fact the iceberg that makes this painful love story crash as we endure the burn.' Box office [ ] The film had a very poor opening day at the box office with only 5–10% occupancy in cinemas. On Saturday, the film collected just ₹7.5 million (US$120,000) nett.

The film on Sunday collected ₹9 million (US$140,000) nett, taking its total first weekend collection to ₹24 million (US$370,000) nett. Its gross collection for week one stood at ₹53.1 million (US$830,000) nett. The film was declared as a 'Flop' by the. Character map of remakes [ ] () () Ekk Deewana Tha () References [ ]. Retrieved 9 December 2011. 19 April 2011.

Retrieved 2011-09-26. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2011. 16 February 2012.

Retrieved 17 February 2012. 31 January 2011.

Archived from on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 2011-09-26. 13 June 2011.

Retrieved 2011-09-26. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-16.

15 February 2012.. Retrieved 16 February 2012. 19 November 2010. Retrieved 2011-09-26. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 2011-09-26. 28 March 2011.

Retrieved 2011-09-26. 15 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-26. Retrieved 2011-09-26. 19 July 2011.

Retrieved 2011-09-26. Retrieved 2011-09-26. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012. 14 February 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.

Archived from on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012. 16 February 2012.

Retrieved 16 February 2012. 17 February 2012..

Retrieved 18 February 2012. 17 February 2012.. Retrieved 17 February 2012. 18 February 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2012.

18 February 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2012. 17 February 2012.. Retrieved 18 February 2012. 18 February 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2012.

17 February 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.

• Preeti Arora (17 February 2012)... 17 February 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012. • Sinha, Mayank (17 February 2012)... Archived from on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012. 18 February 2012.

Retrieved 18 February 2012. 17 February 2012.. Retrieved 17 February 2012. first1= missing last1= in Authors list () •.

17 February 2012. 18 February 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2012. Missing or empty title= () •. 19 February 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.

27 February 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2012. • External links [ ] • at the (archived 23 February 2012) • on •.

'Arab' and 'Arabian' redirect here. For other uses, see and.

Arabs عَرَب ( ' ‘arab') Total population c. Arabic epitaph of, son of 'Amr, king of all the Arabs', inscribed in. Basalt, dated in 7 Kislul, 223, viz.

7 December 328 AD. Found at in the (). The earliest documented use of the word 'Arab' to refer to a people appears in the, an record of the ninth century BC, which referred to of the under, who fought as part of a coalition opposed to. Listed among the booty captured by the army of king of in the are 1000 camels of 'Gi-in-di-bu'u the ar-ba-a-a' or '[the man] Gindibu belonging to the Arab ( ar-ba-a-a being an adjectival of the noun ʿarab ).

The related word ʾaʿrāb is still used to refer to Bedouins today, in contrast to ʿarab which refers to Arabs in general. The oldest surviving indication of an Arab national identity is an inscription made in an archaic form of Arabic in 328 using the, which refers to as 'King of all the Arabs'. Refers to the Arabs in the Sinai, southern Palestine, and the frankincense region (Southern Arabia). Other ancient Greek historians like, and mention Arabs living in Mesopotamia (along the Euphrates), in Egypt (the Sinai and the Red Sea), southern Jordan (the ), the Syrian steppe and in eastern Arabia (the people of ). Inscriptions dating to the 6th century BCE in Yemen include the term 'Arab'. The most popular Arab account holds that the word 'Arab' came from an father called who was supposedly the first to speak Arabic. Had another view; he states that Arabs were called Gharab ('West') by because Bedouins originally resided to the west of Mesopotamia; the term was then corrupted into 'Arab'.

Yet another view is held by that the word 'Arabs' was initially applied to the of the ' valley. In Biblical etymology, 'Arab' (in Hebrew Arvi ) comes both from the desert origin of the Bedouins it originally described ( Arava means wilderness). The root ʿ-r-b has several additional meanings in Semitic languages—including 'west/sunset,' 'desert,' 'mingle,' 'mixed,' 'merchant,' and 'raven'—and are 'comprehensible' with all of these having varying degrees of relevance to the emergence of the name. It is also possible that some forms were from ʿ-B-R 'moving around' (Arabic ʿ-B-R 'traverse'), and hence, it is alleged, 'nomadic.' • • • Pre-Islamic Arabia refers to the Arabian Peninsula prior to the rise of Islam in the 630s. The study of Pre-Islamic Arabia is important to as it provides the context for the development of Islam. Some of the settled communities in the Arabian Peninsula developed into distinctive civilizations.

Sources for these civilizations are not extensive, and are limited to archaeological evidence, accounts written outside of Arabia, and Arab oral traditions later recorded by Islamic scholars. Among the most prominent civilizations was, which arose around the 4th millennium BC and lasted to 538 BC, and, which arose around the 1st millennium BC and lasted to about 300 CE. Additionally, from the beginning of the first millennium BC, was the home to a number of kingdoms, such as the, and the coastal areas of were controlled by the and from 300 BC. Origins and early history [ ]. Nabataean trade routes in. Medieval Arab divided Arabs into three groups: • 'Ancient Arabs', tribes that had vanished or been destroyed, such as and, often mentioned in the as examples of God's power to vanquish those who fought his prophets.

• 'Pure Arabs' of, descending from. The (Qahtanis) are said to have migrated from the land of following the destruction of the ( sadd Ma'rib). • The 'Arabized Arabs' ( mustaʿribah) of Central Arabia () and North Arabia, descending from the elder son of, through (hence, ). The narrates that promised to beget from Ishmael twelve princes and turn him to a great nation. () The claims that the sons of intermingled with the 6 sons of, from, and their descendants were called Arabs and: And Ishmael and his sons, and the sons of and their sons, went together and dwelt from to the entering in of in all the land towards the East facing the desert. And these mingled with each other, and their name was called Arabs, and. Life-size bronze bust sculpture of.

's distinguishes between sedentary Arabian Muslims who used to be, and Bedouin nomadic Arabs of the desert. He used the term 'formerly nomadic' Arabs and refers to sedentary Muslims by the region or city they lived in, as in. The Christians of Italy and the Crusaders preferred the term for all the Arabs and Muslims of that time. The Christians of used the term to describe all the Arabs and Muslims of that time. Muslims of referred to the tribes of the deserts as the A'raab, and considered themselves sedentary, but were aware of their close racial bonds. The term 'A'raab' mirrors the term Assyrians used to describe the closely related nomads they defeated in Syria. The does not use the word ʿarab, only the adjective ʿarabiy.

The Qur'an calls itself ʿarabiy, 'Arabic', and Mubin, 'clear'. The two qualities are connected for example in ayat.2–3, 'By the clear Book: We have made it an Arabic recitation in order that you may understand'. The Qur'an became regarded as the prime example of the al-ʿarabiyya, the language of the Arabs. The term has the same root and refers to a particularly clear and correct mode of speech. The plural noun ʾaʿrāb refers to the tribes of the desert who resisted Muhammad, for example in 97, al-ʾaʿrābu ʾašaddu kufrān wanifāqān 'the Bedouin are the worst in and hypocrisy'. Based on this, in early Islamic terminology, ʿarabiy referred to the language, and ʾaʿrāb to the Arab Bedouins, carrying a negative connotation due to the Qur'anic verdict just cited.

But after the of the eighth century, the language of the nomadic Arabs became regarded as the most pure by the grammarians following, and the term kalam al-ʿArab, 'language of the Arabs', denoted the uncontaminated language of the Bedouins. Classical kingdoms [ ]. The ruins of Palmyra. The Palmyrenes were a mix of Arabs, and.

Arabs arrived in the in the late first millennium BC. The soldiers of the Zabdibel, who aided the Seleucids in the battle of Raphia (217 BC), were described as Arabs; Zabdibel and his men were not actually identified as Palmyrenes in the texts, but the name 'Zabdibel' is a Palmyrene name leading to the conclusion that the sheikh hailed from Palmyra. Palmyra was conquered by the after its 634 capture by the Arab general, who took the city on his way to Damascus; an 18-day march by his through the Syrian Desert from Mesopotamia. By then Palmyra was limited to the Diocletian camp. After the conquest, the city became part of. Fragment of a wall painting showing a Kindite king, 1st century CE. Palmyra prospered as part of the Umayyad Caliphate, and its population grew.

It was a key stop on the East-West trade route, with a large (market), built by the Umayyads, who also commissioned part of the Temple of Bel as a. During this period, Palmyra was a stronghold of the tribe. After being defeated by during a, Umayyad contender fled to the Banu Kalb in Palmyra, but eventually pledged allegiance to Marwan in 744; Palmyra continued to oppose Marwan until the surrender of the Banu Kalb leader al-Abrash al-Kalbi in 745. That year, Marwan ordered the city's walls demolished. In 750 a revolt, led by and Umayyad pretender, against the new swept across Syria; the tribes in Palmyra supported the rebels. After his defeat Abu Muhammad took refuge in the city, which withstood an Abbasid assault long enough to allow him to escape. Late kingdoms [ ].

The of in 117–138 CE. Greeks and Romans referred to all the nomadic population of the desert in the Near East as Arabi. The Romans called Yemen '. The Romans called the vassal nomadic states within the, after the city of, and called unconquered deserts bordering the empire to the south and east. The as a dynasty inherited their power from the, the mid Tigris region around their capital. They ended up allying with the against the Ghassanids and the.

The Lakhmids contested control of the Central Arabian tribes with the Kindites with the Lakhmids eventually destroying in 540 after the fall of their main ally. The Sassanids dissolved the Lakhmid dynasty in 602, being under puppet kings, then under their direct control. The Kindites migrated from Yemen along with the Ghassanids and Lakhmids, but were turned back in Bahrain by the Abdul Qais tribe. They returned to Yemen and allied themselves with the Himyarites who installed them as a vassal kingdom that ruled Central Arabia from 'Qaryah Dhat Kahl' (the present-day called Qaryat al-Faw).

They ruled much of the Northern/Central Arabian peninsula, until they were destroyed by the Lakhmid king, and his son. Medieval period [ ].

The in, built in 715, is one of the oldest, largest and best preserved mosques in the world. In 661, the Rashidun Caliphate fell into the hands of the and was established as the empire's capital. The Umayyads were proud of their Arab identity and sponsored the poetry and culture of pre-Islamic Arabia. They established garrison towns at,,,, and, all of which developed into major cities. Established Arabic as the Caliphate's official language in 686.

This reform greatly influenced the conquered non-Arab peoples and fueled the of the region. However, the Arabs' higher status among non-Arab Muslim converts and the latter's obligation to pay heavy taxes caused resentment. Caliph strove to resolve the conflict when he came to power in 717. He rectified the disparity, demanding that all Muslims be treated as equals, but his intended reforms did not take effect, as he died after only three years of rule.

By now, discontent with the Umayyads swept the region and an uprising occurred in which the came to power and moved the capital to. The in, constructed during the reign of. Umayyads expanded their Empire westwards capturing North Africa from the Byzantines. Before the Arab conquest, North Africa was conquered or settled by various people including, Vandals and Romans.

After the, the Umayyads lost most of their territories with the exception of Iberia. Their last holding became known as the.

It wasn't until the rule of the grandson of the founder of this new emirate that the state entered a new phase as the. This new state was characterized by an expansion of trade, culture and knowledge, and saw the construction of masterpieces of architecture and the library of which housed over 400,000 volumes. With the collapse of the Umayyad state in 1031 AD, was divided into small kingdoms. Abbassid era (750–1258 & 1261–1517) [ ]. Scholars at an Abbasid library in Baghdad.

Maqamat of al-Hariri Illustration, 1237. The Abbasids were the descendants of, one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad and of the same clan. The Abbasids led a revolt against the Umayyads and defeated them in the effectively ending their rule in all parts of the Empire with the exception of. In 762, the second Abbasid Caliph founded the city of and declared it the capital of the Caliphate. Unlike the Umayyads, the Abbasids had the support of non-Arab subjects. The was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from to the newly founded city of. The Abbassids were influenced by the injunctions and such as 'The ink of the scholar is more holy than the blood of martyrs' stressing the value of knowledge.

During this period the became an intellectual centre for science, philosophy, medicine and education as the Abbasids championed the cause of knowledge and established the ' (: بيت الحكمة‎) in Baghdad. Rival dynasties such as the of and the of were also major intellectual centres with cities such as and rivaling. Receiving a delegation sent. The Abbasids ruled for 200 years before they lost their central control when began to fracture in the 10th century; afterwards, in the 1190s, there was a revival of their power, which was ended by the, who in 1258 and killed the Caliph. Members of the Abbasid royal family escaped the massacre and resorted to Cairo, which had broken from the Abbasid rule two years earlier; the generals taking the political side of the kingdom while Abbasid Caliphs were engaged in civil activities and continued patronizing science, arts and literature.

Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171) [ ]. The, commissioned by the Fatimid Caliph for the newly established capital city of in 969.

The Fatimid caliphate was founded by, a descendant of, the daughter of Muhammad, in the early 10th century. Egypt was the political, cultural, and religious centre of the Fatimid empire. The Fatimid state took shape among the Berbers, in the West of the North African littoral, in Algeria, in 909 conquering, the capital. In 921 the Fatimids established the Tunisian city of as their new capital.

In 948 they shifted their capital to, near in Tunisia, and in 969 they conquered Egypt and established as the capital of their caliphate. Intellectual life in Egypt during the Fatimid period achieved great progress and activity, due to many scholars who lived in or came to Egypt, as well as the number of books available. Fatimid Caliphs gave prominent positions to scholars in their courts, encouraged students, and established libraries in their palaces, so that scholars might expand their knowledge and reap benefits from the work of their predecessors. The Fatimids were also known for their exquisite arts. Many traces of exist in Cairo today; the most defining examples include the and the. Arabesque pattern behind hunters on, 11th–12th century, Egypt It was not until the 11th century that the saw a large influx of ethnic Arabs.

Starting with the 11th century, the Arab bedouin tribes migrated to the West. Having been sent by the to punish the Berber for abandoning, they travelled westwards. The Banu Hilal quickly defeated the Zirids and deeply weakened the neighboring. According to some modern historians. Their influx was a major factor in the arabization of the Maghreb. Although Berbers ruled the region until the 16th century (under such powerful dynasties as the, the,, etc.), the arrival of these tribes eventually helped Arabize much of it ethnically, in addition to the linguistic and political impact on local non-Arabs.

[ ] Ottoman Empire [ ]. Soldiers of the in the carrying the. From 1517 to 1918, much of the Arab world was under the suzerainty of the. The Ottomans defeated the in Cairo, and ended the Abbasid Caliphate. Arabs did not feel the change of administration because the Ottomans modeled their rule after the previous Arab administration systems. [ ] In 1911, Arab intellectuals and politicians from throughout the Levant formed ('the Young Arab Society'), a small Arab nationalist club, in Paris. Its stated aim was 'raising the level of the Arab nation to the level of modern nations.'

In the first few years of its existence, al-Fatat called for greater autonomy within a unified Ottoman state rather than Arab independence from the empire. Al-Fatat hosted the in Paris, the purpose of which was to discuss desired reforms with other dissenting individuals from the Arab world. However, as the Ottoman authorities cracked down on the organization's activities and members, al-Fatat went underground and demanded the complete independence and unity of the Arab provinces. After, when the was overthrown by the, former Ottoman colonies were divided up between the and as. Modern period [ ] Arabs in modern times live in the Arab world, which comprises 22 countries in Western Asia, North Africa, and parts of the Horn of Africa. They are all modern states and became significant as distinct political entities after the fall and.

Identity [ ]. Near East in 565, showing the Ghassanids, Lakhmids, Kindah and Hejaz. Today, the main unifying characteristic among Arabs is, a from the. Serves as the and variety of Arabic used in writing. The Arabs are first mentioned in the mid-ninth century BCE as a tribal people dwelling in the central Arabian Peninsula subjugated by -based state of Assyria. The Arabs appear to have remained largely under the vassalage of the (911–605 BC), and then the succeeding (605–539 BC), Persian (539–332 BC), / and. Arab tribes, most notably the and begin to appear in the south Syrian deserts and southern Jordan from the mid 3rd century AD onwards, during the mid to later stages of the and.

The of Jordan appear to have been an Aramaic speaking ethnic mix of Canaanites, Arameans and Arabs. Thus, although a more limited diffusion of Arab culture and language was felt in some areas by these migrant minority Arabs in pre-Islamic times through Arabic-speaking Christian kingdoms and Jewish tribes, it was only after the in the mid-7th century that Arab culture, people and language began their wholesale spread from the central Arabian Peninsula (including the south Syrian desert) through conquest and trade.

Subgroups [ ]. Approximate locations of certain, including those descended from Adnan, and at the dawn of Islam, 600 AD. Arabs in the narrow sense are the indigenous Arabians who trace their roots back to the and their immediate descendant groups in the Levant and North Africa. Within the people of the Arabian Peninsula, distinction is made between: Perishing Arabs (: العرب البائدة‎) are ancient tribes of whose history little is known. They include,, Tasm, Jadis, Imlaq and others.

Jadis and Tasm perished because of genocide. 'Aad and Thamud perished because of their decadence, as recorded in the Qur'an. Archaeologists have recently uncovered inscriptions that contain references to 'Iram, which was a major city of the 'Aad. Imlaq is the singular form of 'Amaleeq and is probably synonymous to the biblical. Pure Arabs ( العرب العاربة) or from, taken to be descended from and further from. Arabized Arabs ( العرب المستعربة) or, taken to be the descendants of son of Abraham. Arabians are most prevalent in the Arabian Peninsula, but are also found in large numbers in Mesopotamia (), the Levant and Sinai (, ), as well as the Maghreb (Eastern Libya, South Tunisia and South Algeria) and the Sudan region.

Arabian tribes before the spread of Islam. This traditional division of the Arabs of Arabia may have arisen at the time of the. Of the, the most prominent was the. The Quraysh subclan, the, was the clan of Muhammad. During the early Muslim conquests and the, the political rulers of Islam were exclusively members of the Quraysh. The Arab presence in Iran did not begin with the in 633 AD.

For centuries, Iranian rulers had maintained contacts with Arabs outside their borders, dealt with Arab subjects and client states (such as those of Iraq and Yemen), and settled Arab tribesmen in various parts of the Iranian plateau. It follows that the 'Arab' conquests and settlements were by no means the exclusive work of Arabs from the and the tribesmen of inner Arabia. The Arab infiltration into Iran began before the Muslim conquests and continued as a result of the joint exertions of the civilized Arabs (ahl al-madar) as well as the desert Arabs (ahl al-wabar).

The largest group of are the, including, and the sect. Smaller groups are the nomads in and the. Commander and Amir of,. The medieval in the Sudan drove a wedge between the Arabic-speaking groups and the indigenous populations.

Substantially persists today along these lines. It has contributed to ethnic conflict in the region, such as the,, or the.

The Arabs of the Maghreb are descendants of Arabian tribes of, the and the native of and of other tribes native to, and. Arabs and -speakers inhabit plains and cities.

The spent almost a century in before moving to, and, and another century later some moved to, it is logical to think that they are mixed with inhabitants of and with. Demographics [ ] The total number of Arabic speakers living in the is estimated at 366 million by the (as of 2014). The estimated number of Arabs in countries outside the Arab League is estimated at 17.5 million, yielding a total of close to 384 million. Arab world [ ]. Population density of the Arab world in 2008. According to the (also known as the Pact of the League of Arab States), the League of Arab States is composed of independent Arab states that are signatories to the Charter.

Although all Arab states have Arabic as an official language, there are many non-Arabic-speaking populations native to the Arab world. Among these are,,,,,. Additionally, many Arab countries in the have sizable non-Arab immigrant populations (10–30%). Iraq, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Oman have a Persian speaking minority.

The same countries also have Hindi-Urdu speakers and as sizable minority. Balochi speakers are a good size minority in Oman. Additionally, countries like Bahrain, UAE, Oman and Kuwait have significant non-Arab and non-Muslim minorities (10–20%) like and from,,, and the. The table below shows the distribution of populations in the Arab world, as well as the official language(s) within the various Arab states.

Syrian immigrants in New York City, as depicted in 1895. Refers to descendants of the who, voluntarily or as refugees, emigrated from their native lands in non-Arab countries, primarily in,,,, and parts of,, the, and. According to the, there are 13 million first-generation Arab migrants in the world, of which 5.8 million reside in Arab countries.

Arab expatriates contribute to the circulation of financial and human capital in the region and thus significantly promote regional development. In 2009, Arab countries received a total of 35.1 billion USD in in-flows and remittances sent to, and from other Arab countries are 40 to 190 per cent higher than trade revenues between these and other Arab countries. The 250,000 strong Lebanese community in is the largest non-African group in the region. Arab traders have long operated in and along the East Africa's.

Was once ruled by Arabs. Most of the prominent, Malaysians, and Singaporeans of Arab descent are with origins in southern Yemen in the coastal region. Ftp Serv U 3 1 0 0 Serial Crack Adobe. A France-born Maghrebi pop singer.

There are millions of Arabs living in Europe mostly concentrated in (about 6,000,000 in 2005 ). Most are from the but some also come from the areas of the. Arabs in France form the second largest after of French origin.

(about 800,000 to 1,600,000 – 1,800,000 ), there have been since the early 8th century when the created the state of. (over 1,000,000 ), (about 680,000 ), (366,769 to 500,000 ). (250,000 to 750,000 ), In addition, Greece has people from Arab countries who have the status of refugees (e.g. ) or illegal immigrants trying to immigrate to Western Europe. And in other, such as,,,,, and. As of late 2015, had a population of 78.7 million, with accounting for 3.1% of that figure based on conservative estimates. Demographic trends indicate that the country already had from 1,500,000 to more than 2,000,000, so constituency now numbers anywhere from 4.5 to 5.1% of the population.

In other words, nearly 4–5 million Arab inhabitants. The in Dearborn, Michigan, USA. Began in sizable numbers during the 1880s.

Today, it is estimated that nearly 3.7 million Americans trace their roots to an. Are found in every state, but more than two thirds of them live in just ten states:,,,,,,,,, and. Metropolitan,, and are home to one-third of the population.

Contrary to popular assumptions or stereotypes, the majority of Arab Americans are native-born, and nearly 82% of Arabs in the U.S. Are citizens.

Arabs immigrants began to arrive in in small numbers in 1882. Their was relatively limited until 1945, after which time it increased progressively, particularly in the 1960s and thereafter. According to the website 'Who are Arab Canadians,' Montreal, the Canadian city with the largest Arab population, has approximately 267,000 Arab inhabitants. Georgia and the Caucasus in 1060, during the final decline of the emirate. In 1728, a Russian officer described a group of Arab nomads who populated the shores of (in present-day ) and spoke a mixed Turkic-Arabic language.

It is believed that these groups migrated to the in the 16th century. The 1888 edition of also mentioned a certain number of Arabs populating the of the. They retained an at least into the mid-19th century, there are nearly 30 settlements still holding the name Arab (for example,,,, etc.). From the time of the Arab conquest of the, continuous small-scale Arab migration from various parts of the Arab world occurred in.

The majority of these lived in the village of Darvag, to the north-west of. The latest of these accounts dates to the 1930s. Most Arab communities in southern Dagestan underwent linguistic, thus nowadays Darvag is a majority-Azeri village. According to the History of Ibn Khaldun, the Arabs that were once in Central Asia have been either killed or have fled the Tatar invasion of the region, leaving only the locals. However, today many people in Central Asia identify as Arabs.

Most are fully integrated into local populations, and sometimes call themselves the same as locals (for example,, ) but they use special titles to show their Arab origin such as,. Kechimalai Mosque, Beruwala. One of the oldest mosques in Sri Lanka. It is believed to be the site where the first Arabs landed in Sri Lanka. There are only two communities in which self-identify as Arabs, the of the region and the of. These groups are largely descended from Hadhrami migrants who settled in these two regions in the 18th century. However, neither community still speaks Arabic, although the Chaush have seen re-immigration to the and thus a re-adoption of Arabic.

In, where Arab ancestry is considered prestigious, many communities have origin myths that claim Arab ancestry. These include the of and the of. Among and Arabs, there are groups who claim the status of and have origin myths that allege descent from the. The South Asian may be considered Arabs because records of their ancestors who migrated from Iraq exist in historical documents. There are about 5,000,000 with Arab ancestry.

Are mainly of descent. The are the third largest ethnic group in, comprising 9.23% of the country's total population.

Some sources trace the ancestry of the Sri Lankan to Arab traders who settled in Sri Lanka at some time between the 8th and 15th centuries. Are individuals and groups from who are of partial Arab descent. Most Afro-Arabs inhabit the in the region, although some can also be found in parts of the. Large numbers of Arabs migrated to, particularly (home to over 100,000 Lebanese), (roughly 30,000 Lebanese), (roughly 10,000 Lebanese today; about 30,000 prior to the outbreak of in 1991),, and. Since the end of the civil war in 2002, traders have become re-established in Sierra Leone. The Arabs of Chad occupy northern Cameroon and Nigeria (where they are sometimes known as Shuwa), and extend as a belt across Chad and into Sudan, where they are called the grouping of ethnic groups inhabiting the portion of Africa's. The Chadian Arabs are (2,391,000 to 2,500,000 ), (289,000 ), (171,000), (150,000 ), and the (107,000).

Religion [ ]. Bas-relief:, and the dedicator. Arabs are mostly Muslims with a majority and a minority, one exception being the, who predominate in. Generally follow such as the and churches, though a minority of followers also exists; The and the, follow the and accordingly.

The Greek Catholic church and Maronite church are under the of Rome, and a part of the larger worldwide. There are also Arab communities consisting of and.

Before the coming of Islam, most Arabs followed a pagan religion with a number of deities, including,,,, and. A few individuals, the, had apparently rejected in favor of unaffiliated with any particular religion. Some tribes had converted to Christianity or Judaism. The most prominent Arab Christian kingdoms were the and kingdoms. When the king converted to in the late 4th century, the elites of the other prominent Arab kingdom, the, being Himyirite vassals, apparently also converted (at least partly). With the expansion of Islam, polytheistic Arabs were rapidly, and polytheistic traditions gradually disappeared. The holiest place in Islam, the, is located in.

Today, Sunni Islam dominates in most areas, overwhelmingly so in North Africa and the Horn of Africa. Shia Islam is dominant among the Arab population in and southern while northern Iraq is mostly Sunni.

Substantial Shia populations exist in,,,, northern and the al-Batinah region in. There are small numbers of and too. The community is concentrated in Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Jordan.

Many claim independence from other major religions in the area and consider their religion more of a philosophy. Their books of worship are called (Epistles of Wisdom). They believe in reincarnation and pray to five messengers from God. In Israel, the Druze have a status aparte from the general Arab population, treated as a separate ethno-religious community. A Church during a snow storm in,. Christianity had a prominent presence In among several Arab communities, including the of, the, in parts of, and among certain northern Arabian tribes such as the,,,,, and.

In the early Christian centuries, Arabia was sometimes known as Arabia heretica, due to its being 'well known as a breeding-ground for heterodox interpretations of Christianity.' Christians make up 5.5% of the population of Western Asia and North Africa.

A sizeable share of those are Arab Christians proper, and affiliated Arabic-speaking populations of Copts and Maronites. In Lebanon, Christians number about 40.5% of the population.

In Syria, Christians make up 10% of the population. In and in, Christians make up 8% and 0.7% of the populations, respectively. In Egypt, Coptic Christians number about 10% of the population. In Iraq, Christians constitute 0.1% of the population. In Israel, Arab Christians constitute 2.1% (roughly 9% of the Arab population). Arab Christians make up 8% of the population of.

Most and Arabs are Christian, so are about half of the Arabs in who come particularly from Lebanon, Syria and Palestine. One well known member of this religious and ethnic community is, martyr and the patron saint of,. Arab Christians also live in holy Christian cities such as, and the of the and many other villages with holy Christian sites. An Abbasid-era Arabic manuscript. Arabic is one of six. It is revered as the language that chose to reveal the.

Arabic has developed into at least two distinct forms. Is the form of the used in literary texts from and times (7th to 9th centuries). It is based on the medieval dialects of. (MSA) is the direct descendant used today throughout the in writing and in formal speaking, for example, prepared speeches, some radio broadcasts, and non-entertainment content, while the and of are different from. Colloquial Arabic, an informal spoken language, varies by dialect from region to region; various forms of the language are in use today and provide an important force for Arab cohesion. Mythology [ ]. Flying away with two people, from the, c.

1900 comprises the ancient beliefs of the Arabs. Prior to Islam the Kaaba of Mecca was covered in symbols representing the myriad demons, djinn, demigods, or simply tribal gods and other assorted deities which represented the polytheistic culture of pre-Islamic. It has been inferred from this plurality an exceptionally broad context in which mythology could flourish.

The most popular beasts and demons of Arabian mythology are,,,,,,,,,,,, and other assorted creatures which represented the profoundly environment of pre-Islamic. The most obvious symbol of Arabian mythology is the or genie. Jinns are supernatural beings of varying degrees of power. They possess free will (that is, they can choose to be good or evil) and come in two flavors. There are the Marids, usually described as the most powerful type of Jinn.

These are the type of genie with the ability to grant wishes to humans. However, granting these wishes is not free.

The Quran says that the jinn were created from 'mārijin min nar' ( smokeless fire or a mixture of fire; scholars explained, this is the part of the flame, which mixed with the blackness of fire). They are not purely spiritual, but are also physical in nature, being able to interact in a tactile manner with people and objects and likewise be acted upon.

The jinn, humans, and make up the known creations of. A is a or in, associated with graveyards and consuming human flesh, demonic being believed to inhabit burial grounds and other deserted places. In ancient Arabic folklore, ghūls belonged to a diabolic class of jinn (spirits) and were said to be the offspring of Iblīs, the prince of darkness in Islam. They were capable of constantly changing form, but their presence was always recognizable by their unalterable sign—ass’s hooves. Which describes the ghūl of Arabic folklore.

The ghul is a devilish type of believed to be sired. Literature [ ]. A giraffe from the Kitāb al-ḥayawān ( Book of the Animals), an important scientific treatise by the 9th century Arab writer. (born 776, in – December 868/January 869) was an Arab prose writer and author of works of literature, theology, and politico-religious polemics. A leading scholar in the Abassid Caliphate, his canon includes two hundred books on various subjects, including,, poetry, lexicography, and.

Of his writings, only thirty books survive. Al-Jāḥiẓ was also one of the first Arabian writers to suggest a complete overhaul of the language's grammatical system, though this would not be undertaken until his fellow linguist took up the matter two hundred years later. There is a small remnant of, but Arabic literature predominantly emerges in the, during the. Is derived from, based on the language of the as it was analyzed by beginning in the 8th century. Illustration from ( Book of Songs),. The 14th century historian called the Book of Songs the register of the Arabs. A large portion of Arabic literature before the 20th century is in the form of, and even prose from this period is either filled with snippets of poetry or is in the form of or rhymed prose.

The or love poem had a long history being at times tender and chaste and at other times rather explicit. In the tradition the love poem would take on a wider, and importance. Was much less common than poetry, and presumably originates in oral tradition, written down from the 14th century or so. Or is intermediate between poetry and, and also between fiction and non-fiction. Was an incredibly popular form of Arabic literature, being one of the few forms which continued to be written during the decline of Arabic in the 17th and 18th centuries. Self portrait of renowned Lebanese poet/writer.

Arabic literature and declined significantly after the 13th century, to the benefit of and. A modern revival took place beginning in the 19th century, alongside. The literary revival is known as in Arabic, and was centered in and.

Two distinct trends can be found in the nahda period of revival. The first was a neo-classical movement which sought to rediscover the literary traditions of the past, and was influenced by traditional literary genres—such as the —and works like. In contrast, a modernist movement began by translating Western modernist works—primarily novels—into Arabic. A tradition of was established by writers such as, and.

Iraqi poet is considered to be the originator of free verse in. Gastronomy [ ]. A large plate of in, Jordan. Is the cuisine of the Arab people.

The cuisines are often centuries old and resemble and culture of great trading in spices, herbs, and foods. The three main regions, also known as the, the, and the have many similarities, but also many unique traditions. These kitchens have been influenced by the climate, cultivating possibilities, as well as trading possibilities. The kitchens of the Maghreb and are relatively young kitchens which were developed over the past centuries. The kitchen from the Khaleej region is a very old kitchen. The kitchens can be divided into the and kitchens. Mostly follows one of three culinary traditions – from the Maghreb, the Levant or the.

In the Maghreb countries (,, and ) traditional main meals are or dishes using. In the (,, and ) main meals usually start with – small dishes of dips and other items which are eaten with bread. This is typically followed by skewers of grilled lamb or chicken. Gulf cuisine, tends to be more highly spiced with more use of rice. Sometimes a lamb is roasted and served whole.

One will find the following items on most dishes;, (in coastal areas),, (or veal), Mild to hot,,,,,,, due to heavy trading between the two regions., (or oregano),, Variety of (primarily citrus), Variety of such as,,,,,, and. Mosaic and arabesque on a wall of the Myrtle court in, Granada. Takes on many forms, though it is, and that are the most well-known. It is generally split up by different eras, among them being,,,, and finally, current Arabic. One thing to remember is that many times a particular style from one era may continue into the next with few changes, while some have a drastic transformation.

This may seem like a strange grouping of art mediums, but they are all closely related. Arabic writing is done from right to left, and was generally written in dark inks, with certain things embellished with special colored inks (red, green, gold). In early Arabic and, writing was typically done on parchment made of animal skin. The ink showed up very well on it, and occasionally the parchment was dyed a separate color and brighter ink was used (this was only for special projects). The name given to the form of writing in early times was called script.

Are small on, whether book illustrations or separate works of art. Art dates to the late 7th century. Depended on such art not only to satisfy their artistic taste, but also for. Is a form of artistic decoration consisting of 'surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils' or plain lines, often combined with other elements. Another definition is 'Foliate ornament, typically using leaves, derived from stylised, which were combined with spiralling stems'. It usually consists of a single design which can be 'tiled' or seamlessly repeated as many times as desired. Architecture [ ].

The, built by in 987. Arabic Architecture has a deep diverse history, it dates to the dawn of the history in and includes various styles from the to the old yet still used architecture in various regions of the Arab world.

Each of it phases largely an extension of the earlier phase, it left also heavy impact on the of other nations. Arab Architecture also encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the to the present day. Some parts of its religious architectures raised by Muslim Arabs were influenced by cultures of, and cultures of other lands which the in the 7th and 8th centuries. In, combined Occidental features, such as the Classical pillars and friezes, with typical Arabic decorations and calligraphy. The principal Islamic architectural types are: the, the, the and the.

From these four types, the vocabulary of Islamic architecture is derived and used for other buildings such as, and domestic architecture. Bayad plays the oud to The Lady. From the, Arabic tale., while independent and flourishing in the 2010s, has a long history of interaction with many other regional musical styles and genres. It is an amalgam of the music of the Arab people in the and the music of all the peoples that make up the today Pre-Islamic Arab music was similar to that of Ancient Middle Eastern music.

Most historians agree that there existed distinct forms of music in the in the pre-Islamic period between the 5th and 7th century AD. Of that 'Jahili poets', meaning 'the poets of the period of ignorance'—used to recite poems with a high notes. It was believed that revealed poems to poets and music to musicians. By the 11th century, had become a center for the manufacture of instruments. These goods spread gradually throughout, influencing French, and eventually reaching the rest of. The English words,, and are derived from Arabic,, and.

Was an internationally famous Egyptian singer. A number of used in are believed to have been derived from Arabic musical instruments: the was derived from the, the (ancestor of ) from the, the from qitara, which in turn was derived from the Persian, from, from, from al-buq, from al-nafir, exabeba from al-shabbaba (), atabal () from al-tabl, atambal from al-tinbal, the, the from kasatan, from sunuj al-sufr, the, the xelami from the sulami or (flute or ), the and from the zamr and, the from the, from iraqya or iraqiyya, (violin) from ghichak, and the from the tarab. During the 1950s and the 1960s, Arabic music began to take on a more Western tone – artists and along with composers and pioneered the use of western instruments in Egyptian music. By the 1970s several other singers had followed suit and a strand of was born.

Arabic pop usually consists of Western styled songs with Arabic instruments and lyrics. Melodies are often a mix between Eastern and Western. Beginning in the mid-1980s,, musical widely regarded as the first rock star of the Spirituality [ ]. Was one of the three chief of Arabian religion. Was the dominant religion in. And, including and the goddesses, and, were worshipped at local shrines, such as the in, whilst Arabs in the south, in what is today's Yemen, worshipped various gods, some of which represented the Sun or Moon.

Different theories regarding the role of in Meccan religion. Many of the physical descriptions of the pre-Islamic gods are traced to, especially near the Kaaba, which is said to have contained up to 360 of them. Until about the fourth century, almost all Arabs practised polytheistic religions.

Although significant and Christian minorities developed, remained the dominant belief system in pre-Islamic Arabia. The religious beliefs and practices of the nomadic were distinct from those of the settled tribes of towns such as. Nomadic religious belief systems and practices are believed to have included, and but were connected principally with immediate concerns and problems and did not consider larger questions such as the afterlife. Settled urban Arabs, on the other hand, are thought to have believed in a more complex of deities. While the Meccans and the other settled inhabitants of the worshipped their gods at permanent shrines in towns and oases, the bedouin practised their religion on the move. Philosophy [ ]. Andalusian mystic and philosopher.

Refers to philosophical thought in the Arab world. Schools of Arabic thought include and. The first great Arab thinker is widely regarded to be (801–873 A.D.), a philosopher, and who lived in and (modern day ). After being appointed by the to translate scientific and texts into, he wrote a number of original treatises of his own on a range of subjects, from and to and. Much of his output focuses on subjects such as the nature of, the and knowledge. Doctrines of the Arabic philosophers of the 9th–12th century who influenced medieval in Europe. The Arabic tradition combines and with other ideas introduced through.

Influential thinkers include the Persians and. The Arabic philosophic literature was translated into and, this contributed to the development of modern European philosophy.

The Arabic tradition was developed by and. The, drawn by for in 1154, is one of the most advanced. Modern consolidation, created from the 70 double-page spreads of the original atlas. This era can be identified as the years between 692 and 945, and ended when the caliphate was marginalized by local Muslim rulers in Baghdad – its traditional seat of power. From 945 onward until the by the in 1258, the Caliph continued on as a figurehead, with power devolving more to local. The pious scholars of Islam, men and women collectively known as the, were the most influential element of society in the fields of law, speculative thought and theology.

Arabic scientific achievement is not as yet fully understood, but is very large. These achievements encompass a wide range of subject areas, especially,, and. Other subjects of scientific inquiry included,,,,,, and.

858 – 929; born, ) was an Arab astronomer, astrologer and mathematician of the. His work is considered instrumental in the development of science and astronomy. One of Al-Battani's best-known achievements in astronomy was the determination of the solar year as being 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds which is only 2 minutes and 22 seconds off. (Alhazen) used experimentation to obtain the results in his (1021), an important development in the. He combined, and arguments to support his intromission theory of, in which of are emitted from objects rather than from the eyes.

He used similar arguments to show that the ancient supported by and (in which the eyes emit the rays of light used for seeing), and the ancient supported by (where objects emit physical particles to the eyes), were both wrong. The birth of the University institution can be traced to this development, as several universities and educational institutions of the Arab world such as the,, and are considered to be the oldest in the world. Founded by in 859, the University of Al Quaraouiyine in is the oldest existing, continually operating and the first awarding educational institution in the world according to and and is sometimes referred to as the oldest university.

There are many scientific in Western European languages, including, mostly via Old French. This includes such as, scientific terms like (whence also ),,,,,,, etc. Wedding and marriage [ ]. Have changed greatly in the past 100 years.

Original traditional Arabic weddings are supposed to be very similar to modern-day weddings and rural weddings, and they are in some cases unique from one region to another, even within the same. It must be mentioned that what some people today call 'Bedouin' wedding is in fact the original true traditional Arab Islamic wedding without foreign influence. The practice of of relatives is a common feature of. Among Arabs the practice of marrying of relatives is a common feature. In the today between 40% and 50% of all marriages are or between close family members, though these figures may vary among Arab nations.

In, around 40% of the population. A 1992 survey in found that 32% were married to a first cousin; a further 17.3% were married to more distant relatives. 67% of marriages in are between close relatives as are 54% of all marriages in, whereas 18% of all were between relatives. Due to the actions of the and the, marriage between cousins is explicitly allowed in and the itself does not discourage or forbid the practice.

Nevertheless, opinions vary on whether the should be seen as exclusively based on Islamic practices as a 1992 study among Arabs in Jordan did not show significant differences between or when comparing the occurrence of. Genetics [ ]. Listed here are the in, /, and. (82.3%), (12.9%) and (3.2%). (58%), (7.6%), (7.6%), (5.1%), (5.1%), G (3.2%) and L (1.9%). (45.1%), (11.6%), (7.3%), (5.5%), (4.9%), (4.3%) and (3%). J (47.9%), E1b1b (15.7%), R1a (9.1%), T (8.3%), E1b1a (7.4%), R1b (1.7%), G (1.7%) and L (0.8%).

J (66.7%), R1a (6.9%), E1b1b (5.6%), E1b1a (2.8%), G (2.8%) and L (2.8%). J (45.2%), E1b1b (25.8%), R1a (9.7%), R1b (6.4%),, and (3.2%), (3.2%), (3.2%).

(58.3%), (12.0%), (5.0%), (10.0%) and 15.0%. J (55.2%), E1b1b (20.3%), R1b (8.4%), (6.3%), (7%), and (1.4%), (1.4%). J (43.8%), E1b1b (26%), R1b (17.8%), (4.1%), (3.4%) and (1.4%). (50.6%), (10.8%), R1b (10.8%), R1a (6.9%) and T (5.9%). (36.7%) and (32%), (8.8%), (8.2% (4.1%), (2.8%) and (0.7%).

(47.1%), (16.3%), (15.7%) and (3.13%). E1b1b (75.5%) and J1 (20.4%).

(49.3%), (35.8%), (6.8%) and (1.4%). (54%), (35%), (13%). E1b1b (35.88%), J (30.53%), E1b1a (8.78%), (4.20%), R1a/R1b (3.43%) and E (1.53%). The mtDNA has been observed at notable frequencies among overall populations in the Arab world. The maternal clade reaches its highest frequency in the Arabian peninsula, while and (specifically subclade T2) is more common in the.

In the Nile Valley and Horn of Africa, haplogroups and; in the Maghreb, haplogroups and are more significant. There are four principal West Eurasian autosomal DNA components that characterize the populations in the Arab world: the Arabian, Levantine, Coptic and Maghrebi components. The Arabian component is the main autosomal element in the region. It is most closely associated with local Arabic-speaking populations. The Arabian component is also found at significant frequencies in parts of the Levant and Northeast Africa. The geographical distribution pattern of this component correlates with the pattern of the Islamic expansion, but its presence in Lebanese Christians, Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews, Cypriots and Armenians might suggest that its spread to the Levant could also represent an earlier event.

The Levantine component is the main autosomal element in the and. It peaks among populations in the Levant.

The Levantine component diverged from the Arabian component about 15,500–23,700 ypb. The Coptic component is the main autosomal element in. It peaks among in, and is also found at high frequencies among other Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations in the and. The Coptic component is roughly equivalent with the Ethio-Somali component. The Maghrebi component is the main autosomal element in the Maghreb. It peaks among the non-Arabized populations in the region. The Maghrebi component diverged from the Coptic/Ethio-Somali, Arabian and Levantine components prior to the.

See also [ ] • • • • References [ ] Notes.