Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Western philosophers [ ] Greek philosophers [ ] 600-500 BC [ ] • of Miletus (c. 624 – 546 BC). Believed that all was made of water. • of Miletus (c. 610 – 546 BC). Famous for the concept of Apeiron, or 'the boundless'.

585 – 525 BC). Believed that all was made of air. • of Samos (c. Believed the deepest reality to be composed of numbers, and that souls are immortal. • of Colophon (c.

I am reading an essay on philosophy and since my english isn't great, I don't understand the essay below, especially the second line (bolded). The essay is about the two views about the human existence. I just can't quite grasp what the bolded line is saying. Could someone paraphrase it for me? From Rationalism to Existentialism and over one million other books are available for Amazon Kindle. Solomon is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin. Start reading From Rationalism to Existentialism on your Kindle in under a minute.

570 – 480 BC). Sometimes associated with the school. 530 – 450 BC). Comic playwright and moralist.

500-400 BC [ ] • of Ephesus (c. Of the Ionians. Emphasized the order and mutability of the universe. • of Elea (c. 515 – 450 BC).

Of the Eleatics. Reflected on the concept of Being. • of Clazomenae (c. 500 – 428 BC). Of the Ionians.. • (492 - 432 BC).

Eclectic cosmogonist.. 490 – 430 BC). Of the Eleatics. Known for his paradoxes. • of Abdera (c. 481 – 420 BC).. Early advocate of.

• (480 - 411 BC).. • (Middle of the 5th century BC).. 483 – 375 BC).. Early advocate of. • of Athens (c. 470 – 399 BC).

In, understood to be central to the pursuit of truth. • of Athens (c. 460 - 413 BC). Atheist writer and politician. • of Ceos (c. • of Miletus (First half of the 5th century BC).

• of Miletus (c. • of Abdera (c.

450 – 370 BC). 450 – 415 BC). A pupil of Anaxagoras. Follower of Heraclitus.

Pythagorean cosmologist. 400-300 BC [ ] • (c. 444 – 365 BC). Pupil of Socrates. 440 – 366 BC). Advocate of ethical hedonism.

425 BC – c 350 BC). 425 – c 350 BC).

Atheist cosmologist. 427 – 355 BC). 427 – 347 BC). Famed for view of the transcendental forms.

Advocated governed by philosophers. 408 – 339 BC). Nephew of Plato. 408 – 355 BC).

Pupil of Plato. 399 – 323 BC).. 396 – 314 BC). Disciple of Plato. 384 – 322 BC). A polymath whose works ranged across all philosophical fields.

Hellenistic era philosophers [ ] 300-200 BC [ ] • (c. • of Elis (c.

360 – 270 BC).. 341 – 270 BC).,. Founder of • (c.

333 – 264 BC). 320 – 230 BC).,. • of Soli (c. 280 – 207 BC).

Major figure in. 200-100 BC [ ] • (c. 214 – 129 BC). Academic skeptic. Understood as the purveyor of truth.

Roman era philosophers [ ] 100 BC - 1 AD [ ] • (c. 99 – 55 BC).. 1-100 AD [ ] • (c. 106 BC – 43 BC) Political theorist. 20 BC – 40 AD).

Believed in the allegorical method of reading texts. 4 BC – 65 AD).. 100-200 AD [ ] • (c. Emphasized ethics of self-determination. • (121–180)..

200-400 AD [ ] • (fl. During the 2nd and possibly the 3rd centuries AD).,.

Had a holistic metaphysics. Student of Plotinus.

Church father. Medieval philosophers [ ] 500-800 AD [ ] • (c. 800-900 AD [ ] • (c. Major figure.

815 – 877).,. 900-1000 AD [ ] • (c. Held that God creates universe by rearranging pre-existing laws. 1000-1100 AD [ ] • (Avicenna) (c. • (Avicebron) (c.

Produced for the existence of God. 1100-1200 AD [ ] • (c. Dealt with problem of universals.

• (Ibn Rushd, 'The Commentator') (c. 1126-December 10, 1198).. 1200-1300 AD [ ] • (c. 1300-1400 AD [ ] • (c.

1232–1315) Catalan philosopher • (c. Understood chief function of state as mediator. 1288–1348)..., creator of. 1320-5 – 1382). Made contributions to economics, science, mathematics, theology and philosophy. 1355 – 1452/1454).

Late scholar of philosophy. 1400-1500 AD [ ] • (1401–1464).. • (1407–1457)., critic of scholastic logic. • (1433-1499). Christian, head of Florentine Academy and major Renaissance Humanist figure.

First translator of Plato's complete extant works into Latin. • (1463–1494).

Early modern philosophers [ ] 1500-1550 AD [ ] • (1466–1536)., advocate of. • (1469–1527).. • (1478–1535)., created term 'utopia'.

• (1483–1546). • (1515–1572). 1550-1600 AD [ ] • (1509–1564). Major theologian. • (1533–1592).,. • (1541–1603).

• (1548–1600). • (1548–1617). Politically proto-liberal. 1600-1650 AD [ ] •. • (1561–1626).. • (1564–1642). • (1583–1645).

• (1588-1672) • (1588–1648).. • (1588–1653). • (1592–1655)... • (1596–1650).,,.

• (1601–1658). Spanish catholic philosopher 1650-1700 AD [ ] • (1588–1679). • (1612–1694). • (1614–1687). • (1617–1688).. • (1623–1662).

Physicist, scientist. • (1623–1673).,. • (1624–1669). Important theorist. • (1625–1695). • (1626-1684).

• (1627–1691). • (1631–1679).

• (1631–1718). Early proponent of. • (1632–1677).

• (1632–1694). • (1632–1704). Political philosopher.

• (1636–1680). • (1638–1715).. • (1643–1727). • (1644–1696).. • (1647–1706)..

• (1659–1708). • (1670–1722).

1700-1750 AD [ ] • (1646–1716). Co-inventor of. • (1657–1711).. • (1664-1729) • (1668–1744). • (1670–1733).

• (1671–1713). • (1675–1729). • (1679–1749).

• (1679–1754).,. • (1685–1753).,. • (1689–1755).,. • (1692–1752). • (1694–1746). • (1699–1745). • (1705–1757).

• (1709–1751)., genetic. 1750-1800 AD [ ] • (1694–1778). Advocate for freedoms of religion and expression. • (1710–1796). Member of Scottish Enlightenment, founder of Scottish Common Sense philosophy. • (1711–1776).,.

• (1712–1778). Political philosopher. • (1713–1784). • (1714-1762).

• (1715–1771).. • (1715-1780). • (1717–1783). • (1723–1789).,. • (1723–1790). Economic theorist, member of.

• (1723–1791). Political liberal. • (1724–1804)., proponent of synthetic a priori truths.

• (1729–1786). Member of the. • (1729–1781). • (1729–1797).

Conservative political philosopher. • (1743–1805). • (1743–1826). Liberal political philosopher.

• (1748–1832). Utilitarian, hedonist. • (1750–1803), • (1753–1828). • (1756–1836). Anarchist, utilitarian.

• (1759–1797). • (1759–1805). • (1762–1814).

Modern philosophers [ ] 1800-1850 AD [ ] • (1744–1829). Early evolutionary theorist.

• (1749–1827).. • (1753–1821) • (1760–1825).. • (1766–1817). • (1768–1834).. • (1770–1831)..

• (1773–1836).. • (1775–1854).. • (1781–1848). • (1787–1863).

• (1788–1860). • (1790–1859).,. • (1794–1866). • (1798–1857).,. • (1803–1882).,,,. • (1804–1872).

• (1805-1859). • (1806-1856).. • (1806–1871).. • (1806–1873)..

• (1809–1865).. • (1809–1882).

• (1810–1850).. • (1813–1855)..

• (1817–1862).,,. 1850-1900 AD [ ] • (1788–1856). Egalitarian, abolitionist. • (1807–1858). Egalitarian, utilitarian.

• (1814–1876). Revolutionary anarchist. • (1815–1902). • (1817–1881). • (1818–1883)., formulated historical materialism.

• (1820–1895). Egalitarian, dialectical materialist. • (1820–1903). Nativism, libertarianism, social Darwinism. • (1820–1906). • (1833–1911). • (1835–1908).

• (1836–1882). British idealist. • (1838–1900).

Rationalism, utilitarianism. • (1838–1916). Philosopher of science, influence on logical positivism. • (1838–1917). • (1839–1914).. • (1842–1910).,. • (1942-1921)..

• (1844–1900). Naturalistic philosopher, influence on Existentialism.

• (1845–1879). • (1846–1924).

• (1848–1923).. • (1848–1923). • (1848–1925).

Influential analytic philosopher. • (1849–1915). • (1852–1933). Specialist in. • (1853–1903). • (1853–1920). Logical realist.

• (1854–1912). • (1855–1916). • (1856–1931). • (1857–1913).,,. • (1858–1917).. • (1858–1932).

• (1859–1938). • (1859–1938).

Perceptual realist. • (1859–1941).

• (1859–1952).. • (1860–1935).. • (1861–1916). • (1861-1946). Theory of play. • (1861–1947).,,,,. • (1863–1931).,.

• (1864–1920). Social philosopher. • (1864–1936).

• (1866–1925). • (1866–1952). • (1869–1940).. • (1870–1919). Political philosopher. • (1873–1958). Common sense theorist, ethical non-naturalist.

• (1878–1965). Jewish philosopher,. 1900-2000 AD [ ] • (1863–1952).,; known for many. • (1871–1947). Moral intuitionist.

• (1872–1970).,, influential. • (1873–1962). • (1874–1948).. • (1874–1945). • (1874-1928). German phenomenologist. • (1875–1944).

Idealist and philosopher Download Detective Conan Magician Of The Silver Sky Sub Indo. . • (1876–1957). • (1877–1971).. • (1881–1955). • (1881–1973).. • (1882–1936).

• (1882–1945). • (1882–1950). • (1882–1973).

Human rights theorist. • (1883–1955). Philosopher of History. • (1883–1964). Conceptual pragmatist. • (1884–1962).

• (1885–1971). • (1886–1967) • (1886–1968).

• (1887–1971). • (1889–1951).,,, influential. • (1889–1973). • (1889–1976).

• (1891–1937). • (1891–1970). Vienna Circle.

Logical positivist. • (1892-1940). Philosophy of language. • (1892–1987).

• (1893–1992). • (1893–1970).

Perceptual realist, phenomenalist. • (1895–1985). • (1896–1959). Vienna Circle. Logical positivist.

• (1897-1962). • (1898–1979)..

• (1898-1983). Materialist open realism. • (1899–1973). Political Philosopher. • (1899–1984). • (1900–1976).

• (1900–2002).. • (1901–1981).. • (1901–1983).

Created T-Convention in semantics. • (1901–1985).

Logical positivist. • (1902–1994).

• (1902–2001). • (1903–1930). • (1903–1969).. • (1903–1975).

• (1905–1980). • (1905–1982).. • (1905–1975).. • (1905–1982).,. • (1906–1978). Vienna Circle. • (1906-1995).

• (1906–1975).. • (1907–1992).. • (1908–1979).

• (1908-1961). Influential French phenomenologist. • (1908–1986)., feminist. • (1908–2000). • (1909–1943). • (1910–1989).

Logical positivist, emotivist. • (1911–1960).

• (1911–1980).. • (1912–1954).

Functionalist in philosophy of mind. • (1912-1989). Influential American philosopher • (1913–1960)..

• (1913-2005). French philosopher and theologian. • (1915-1980). French semiotician and literary theorist.

• (1917–1981). Moral skeptic. • (1917–2003). • (1918-1990). • (1919–2002). • (1919–2006).

• (1921–2002).. • (1925-2017). Polish sociologist and philosopher, who introduced the idea of. • (1925–1961). • (1925-1995).

• (1926–1984).,,,. • (1926-2016). • (born 1926).

• (1927–1997). • (born 1928). • (1929-2003). Moral philosopher. • (1929–2007).,. • (born 1929). • (born 1929).

• (born 1929). • (1930–1992). Political Philosopher. • (1930-2002). French psychoanalytic sociologist and philosopher.

• (1930–2004).. • (1931-1994). French Marxist philosopher. • (1931–2007).,.

• (born 1931).,, and Intellectual History • (born 1932). • (born 1932).,. • (born 1935). • (born 1935).

Introduced the Methaphysics of Quality. MOQ incorporates facets of East Asian philosophy, pragmatism and the work of F. • (born 1937). • (born 1937). • (1938–2002)..

• (born 1938) animal rights philosopher • (born 1940). • (born 1940) French philosopher.

• (1941–2001).. • (born 1941).

Basque Philosopher,,, • (1942-2017). • (born 1942).,,, and • (born 1942).,, • (born 1946) Moral philosopher on, • (born 1947).

• (born 1949)., and • (born 1949).. • (born 1953). • (born 1956).,, • (born 1958). See also [ ] • From this point in time forward, see.

• • • References [ ] • Kemerling, Garth (2002). 'Timeline of Western Philosophers'.

• LaFave, Sandra (2006). 'Chronological List of Western Philosophers'.

• Russell, Bertrand (1959). Wisdom of the West. London: Rathbone Books, Ltd. External links [ ] •, a parallel history of Jewish and non-Jewish intellectual ideas.

The bibliography is divided into two sections; taken together, they provide a representative sample of existentialist writing. The first includes books that are cited in the body of the article.

The second contains supplementary reading, including works that have been mentioned in the article, selected works by some of the figures mentioned in the first paragraph of the article, certain classical readings in existentialism, and more recent studies of relevance to the issues discussed. The bibliography is, somewhat arbitrarily, limited to works in English, and no attempt at comprehensiveness has been made. For detailed bibliographies of the major existentialists, including critical studies, the reader is referred to the entries devoted to the individual philosophers.

I invite readers to suggest new and noteworthy sources for inclusion here. • Aho, K., 2014. Existentialism: An Introduction. Cambridge: Polity Press. • Apel, K.-O., 1973.

“The Apriori of the Communication Community and the Foundation of Ethics,” in Towards a Transformation of Philosophy. Glyn Adey and David Frisby.

London: Routledge. • Arendt, H., 1978. “Heidegger at Eighty,” in Heidegger and Modern Philosophy. Michael Murray.

New Haven: Yale University Press. • Baring, E., 2014, The Young Derrida and French Philosophy, 1945-1968.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. • Beauvoir, S., 1989. The Second Sex (1949). New York: Vintage Books.

• Bernasconi, R. Race and Racism in Continental Philosophy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. • Butler, J., 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, New York: Routledge. • Carr, D., 1986. Time, Narrative, and History, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

• Cooper, D., 1999. Existentialism, Oxford: Blackwell. • Crowell, S., 2001. Husserl, Heidegger, and the Space of Meaning: Paths Toward Transcendental Phenomenology, Evanston: Northwestern University Press. • Crowell, S., 2004. “Authentic Historicality,” in Space, Time, and Culture.

David Carr and Cheung Chan-Fai. Dordrecht: Kluwer. • Crowell, S., 2012. The Cambridge Companion to Existentialism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

• Dreyfus, H., 1979. What Computers Can't Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence, New York: Harper Colophon. • Dreyfus, H., and J. Haugeland, 1978. “Husserl and Heidegger: Philosophy's Last Stand,” in Heidegger and Modern Philosophy.

Michael Murray. New Haven: Yale University Press.

• Fackenheim, E., 1961. Metaphysics and Historicity, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press. • Fell, J., 1979. Heidegger and Sartre: An Essay on Being and Place, New York: Columbia University Press. • Gordon, L., 1995. Bad Faith and Antiblack Racism, Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press.

• Gelven, M., 1997. The Risk of Being: What is Means to Be Good and Bad, University Park: Penn State Press. • Gelven, M., 1990. Truth and Existence: A Philosophical Inquiry, University Park: Penn State Press.

• Guignon, C., 1993. “Authenticity, Moral Values, and Psychotherapy,” in The Cambridge Companion to Heidegger, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. • Hannay, A., 1982. Kierkegaard, London: Routledge. • Haugeland, J., 1998. Having Thought: Essays in the Metaphysics of Mind, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. • Heidegger, M., 1962.

Being and Time. John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson. New York: Harper and Row. • Heidegger, M., 1985. History of the Concept of Time: Prolegomena.

Theodore Kisiel. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. • Heidegger, M., 1998. “Letter on Humanism,” in Pathmarks. William McNeill.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. • Heidegger, M., 1981. “'Only a God Can Save Us': The Spiegel Interview (1966),” in Heidegger: The Man and the Thinker. Thomas Sheehan.

Chicago: Precedent Publishing. • Jaspers, K., 1968. Reason and Existenz, New York: Noonday Press. • Joseph, F., Reynolds, J., and A. Woodward (eds.), 2011.

The Continuum Companion to Existentialism. London: Continuum Publishing House.

• Judaken, J., and R. Bernasconi (eds.), 2012. Situating Existentialism: Key Texts in Context. New York: Columbia University Press. • Kaufmann, W., 1968. Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre, Cleveland: Meridian Books.

• Korsgaard, C., 1996. The Sources of Normativity, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. • MacIntyre, A., 1967. “Existentialism,” in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol.

Paul Edwards. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. • Marcel, G., 1968. The Philosophy of Existentialism, New York: Citadel Press. • Merleau-Ponty, M., 1962. Phenomenology of Perception.

New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. • Moran, R., 2001. Authority and Estrangement: An Essay on Self Knowledge, Princeton: Princeton University Press. • Natanson, M., 1968. Literature, Philosophy, and the Social Sciences, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. • Nehamas, A., 1998. The Art of Living: Socratic Reflections from Plato to Foucault, Berkeley: University of California Press.

• Ratcliffe, M., 2008. Feelings of Being. Oxford: Oxford University Press. • Reynolds, J., 2004. Merleau-Ponty and Derrida: Intertwining, Embodiment, and Alterity.

Athens: Ohio University Press. • Reynolds, J., 2006. Understanding Existentialism. Stocksfield: Acumen. • Ricoeur, P., 1992. Oneself as Another. Kathleen Blamey.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press. • Sartre, J.-P., 1992. Being and Nothingness. Hazel Barnes. New York: Washington Square Press. • Sartre, J.-P., 1968. Search for a Method.

Hazel Barnes. New York: Vintage Books. • Schrift, A., 1995. Nietzsche's French Legacy: A Genealogy of Poststructuralism, New York: Routledge. • Simons, M., 2013.

Beauvoir and the Second Sex: Feminism, Race, and the Origins of Existentialism. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. • Spiegelberg, H., 1984.

The Phenomenological Movement, 3rd ed. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. • Taylor, C., 1985. “Self-Interpreting Animals,” in Philosophical Papers I: Human Agency and Language. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. • Taylor, C., 1989.

Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. • Warnock, M., 1967.

Existentialist Ethics, London: Macmillan and Co, Ltd. • Zaner, R., and D. Ihde (eds.), 1973.

Phenomenology and Existentialism, New York: Capricorn Books • Arendt, H., 1998. The Human Condition (1958). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. • Aron, R., 1969. Marxism and the Existentialists, New York: Harper and Row.

• Barnes, H., 1967. An Existentialist Ethics, New York: Knopf. • Barrett, W., 1962.

Irrational Man: A Study in Existential Philosophy (1958), Garden City: Doubleday. • Buber, M., 1978. Between Man and Man. Ronald Gregor Smith. New York: Macmillan.

• Buber, M., 1970. Walter Kaufmann. New York: Scribner. • Bultmann, R., 1987. Faith and Understanding. Louise Pettibone Smith.

Philadelphia: Fortress Press. • Bultmann, R., 1957. History and Eschatology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. • Busch, T., 1999.

Circulating Being: From Embodiment to Incorporation (Essays on Late Existentialism), New York: Fordham University Press. • Camus, A., 1955. The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays.

Justin O'Brien. New York: Knopf. • Camus, A., 1988. The Stranger. Matthew Ward. New York: Knopf. • Collins, J., 1952.

The Existentialists: A Critical Study, Chicago: Henry Regnery Company. • Dostoevsky, F., 1976. The Brothers Karamazov: The Constance Garnett translation revised by Ralph E. New York: Norton. • Earnshaw, S., 2006. Existentialism: A Guide for the Perplexed, London: Continuum.

• Flynn, T., 2006. Existentialism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press. • Flynn, T., 1997.

Sartre, Foucault, and Historical Reason, vol. 1, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. • Gordon, H., 1999. Dictionary of Existentialism, New York: Greenwood Press.

• Gordon, L., 1997. Existence in Black: An Anthology of Black Existential Philosophy, New York: Routledge.

• Gordon, L., 2000. Existentia Africana: Understanding Africana Existential Thought, London: Routledge. • Grene, M., 1948. Dreadful Freedom: A Critique of Existentialism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. • Guignon, C., 2003. The Existentialists: Critical Essays on Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Sartre, New York: Rowman and Littlefield. • Guignon, C., and D.

Pereboom (eds.), “Introduction: The Legacy of Existentialism,” in Existentialism: Basic Writings. Indianapolis: Hackett. • Guignon, C., and D. Pereboom (eds.), Existentialism: Basic Writings, Indianapolis: Hackett. • Jaspers, K., 1968. Reason and Existenz.

William Earle. New York: Noonday Press. • Judt, T., 1992. Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals 1944–1956, Berkeley: University of California Press.

• Kant, I., 1960. Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone. Greene and Hoyt H. New York: Harper & Row. • Kierkegaard, S., 1971. Concluding Unscientific Postscript. Swenson and Walter Lowrie.

Princeton: Princeton University Press. • Kierkegaard, S., 1983. Fear and Trembling. Hong and Edna H. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

• Kruks, S., 1990. Situation and Human Existence: Freedom, Subjectivity, and Society, London: Unwin Hyman. • Marcel, G., 1949.

Being and Having. Katherine Farrer. London: Westminster. • McBride, W.

The Development and Meaning of Twentieth Century Existentialism, New York: Garland. Publishers • Merleau-Ponty, M., 1973. Adventures of the Dialectic. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. • Merleau-Ponty, M., 1962. The Phenomenology of Perception.

New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. • Natanson, M., 1986. Anonymity: A Study in the Philosophy of Alfred Schutz, Bloomington: Indiana University Press. • Nietzsche, F., 1969. On the Genealogy of Morals.

Walter Kaufmann. New York: Vintage Books. • Nietzsche, F., 1974. The Gay Science. Walter Kaufmann.

New York: Vintage Books. • Nietzsche, F., 1975. Thus Spoke Zarathustra.

In The Portable Nietzsche. Walter Kaufmann. New York: Viking Press.

• Olafson, F., 1967. Principles and Persons: An Ethical Interpretation of Existentialism, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. • Ortega y Gasset, J., 1985. Revolt of the Masses. Anthony Kerrigan.

Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. • Poster, M., 1975. Existential Marxism in Postwar France: From Sartre to Althusser, Princeton: Princeton University Press. • Ricoeur, P., 1970. Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation, New Haven: Yale University Press.

• Reynolds, J., 2006. Understanding Existentialism. London: Acumen. • Sartre, J.-P., 1967. Martin Turnell.

New York: New Directions. • Sartre, J.-P., 1976. Critique of Dialectical Reason I: Theory of Practical Ensembles (1960). Alan Sheridan-Smith. London: Verso.

• Sartre, J.-P., 2007. Existentialism is a Humanism. Carol Macomber. New Haven: Yale University Press.

• Sartre, J.-P., 1959. Lloyd Alexander.

New York: New Directions. • Sartre, J.-P., 1955. No Exit, and Three Other Plays. New York: Vintage Books. • Sartre, J.-P., 1988. What is Literature?

(1948), Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. • Shestov, L., 1969. Kierkegaard and the Existential Philosophy. Elinor Hewitt. Athens: Ohio University Press.

• Solomon, R. Existentialism, New York: Random House.

• Stewart, J. The Debate Between Sartre and Merleau-Ponty, Evanston: Northwestern University Press. • Tillich, P., 2000. The Courage to Be, New Haven: Yale University Press. • Unamuno, M., 1954.

The Tragic Sense of Life. Crawford Flitch. New York: Dover. • Wahl, J., 1949.

A Short History of Existentialism. Forrest Williams and Stanley Maron. New York: Philosophical Library. • Wild, J., 1963.

The Challenge of Existentialism (1955), Bloomington: Indiana University Press.